A study of anatomy and physiology of movement upper limb

The procedure of using the upper limb to drink water is a complex one which involves a huge amount of technology inter-transfer between the brain and the eventual skeletal muscle. There is initiation of the movement at the brain which is transmitted via specialized white fibre tracts to the hip flexors via the intermediate spinal cord, involving a very complex mechanism at the cellular levelThe initiation of the   process is at the motor cortex (Ms I) of the brain. The primary motor area is located at the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe. The area controlling the motion of the lower limbs lies towards the superior surface of the brain. Within this area lies the cell body of the primary neuron. These neurons are known as upper motor neurons (UMN).These UMNs receive modulating impulse from the inputs from the cerebellum and the basal ganglia via the extrapyramidal pathways. These tracts modulate the gross movement initiated at the frontal cortex. In turn these areas are modulated by afferent signals from ascending spino cerebellar, and spino-thalamic pathways.The complex the signal initiated at the nucleus of the cell body is transmitted electronically via the axon of the myelinated neuron via the mode of salutatory conduction. The myelin sheath which surrounds the axon of nerves that involve fast transport, breaks at intermediate regions known as Nodes of Ranvier.The electrical impulse moves in   a jumping manner at these nodes nerve transmission as a neural impulse, generated by the formation of a nerve action potential. Like all excitable tissue, nerves maintain a resting membrane potential that is the difference of voltage across the membrane of the neuron. In neurons this value is   – 70 mV.This voltage difference is maintained by the Na/K pump on the membranes. This impulse generated at the axon hillock is transmitted via the depolarizing phase which allows sodium ions ingress into cells via opening of the Na channels. This entry of Na in o ne portion allows activation of other Na channels, causing depolarization of the adjacent region of the neuron. Subsequently repolarization occurs via the opening of K channels, which restores the membrane potential. Thus this process continues which allows the transmission of impulse.Many such nerves together descend as the descending cortico spinal tract in the pyramidal system, which travels through the midbrain into the spinal cord, decussating at the level of midbrain( 90% of the fibres decussating and forming the lateral spinothalamic tract) and again at the level of spinal cord ( the other 10%, forming the anterior spinothalamic tract). It is the former which is responsible for the upper limb movements.The cortico-spinal tract travels in the anterior horn cell of the spinal cord till the lumbar level where they synapse with the spinal ventral root neuron (lower motor neuron). A single post-synaptic neuron receives signals from many neurons. At the axon terminal, the propagati on of impulses leads to release of neurotransmitters, which are stored in specialized vesicles.The released Ach diffuses into the synaptic cleft and binds with receptors on the post synaptic membrane to produce excitatory post synaptic potentials. This leads to generation and propagation of impulse in nerves which are destined to innervate the neuro-muscular junction. At the neuro-muscular junction, Ach is released, which diffuses into the synovial cleft and binds to receptors in the motor end plate, and triggers a muscle action potential.The released Ach is destroyed by the acetylcholinestrase. At the level of the sarcolemma of the muscles, the muscle AP travels along T-tubules, opening Ca release channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Ca binds to troponin-tropomysin complex, which releases the myosin heads, these then bind to the actin thin filaments, and draws them closer to the M line.Meanwhile bringing the Z disc closer. This leads to muscle fibre contraction. This is a self p ropagating sequence eventually leading to the contraction of ilio-psoas muscle, which causes the flexion of thigh on the pelvis. Each nerve fibre innervates many musle fibres ( about 150).This is   the motor unit. The greater the number of motor units recruited by the nerve action potential, the greater the force of contraction of the muscles. In the spinal cord, nerve impulse travels along the brachial plexus to innervate the deltoid and supraspinatus (shoulder abductors), biceps, and   brachialis( elbow flexion), flexor carpi ularis and flexor carpi radialis   (wrist flexors and stabilizers), long finger flexors flexor digitorum superficialis anv flexor digitorum profundus (long finger joint flexors) leading to the person gripping the glass and drinking water.   In summary the impulse travels via brachial plexus ( C5-T1).From here the nerve impulses travel to shoulder elevators (supraspinatus, deltoid, trapezius, and latissimus dorsi)- posterior cord ), elbow extensor (tri ceps and anconeus – radial nerve) wrist extensor ( ECRL, ECRB – radial nerve), finger flexors ( FDS, FDP – median nerve and the ulnar nerve)   and the intrinsics – ulnar nerve and the median nerve).

Critical Review †On Becoming a Leader by Warren Bennis Essay

Everywhere you trip is where the treasure lies. While looking for a book for my class assignment I bumped into tremendous amount of them talking about leadership. Why there are so many? Why has leadership received so much attention? Which one I have to pick? Why we study leadership at all? Isn’t it what coming with years of experience? Many people believe that a leader is an aggressive person who â€Å"inspires† others to work hard to accomplish important tasks. Then why those publications take a colossal part in the market of popular books? Is leadership a learned behavior? â€Å"On Becoming a Leader† by Warren Bennis is the book I picked, intrigued by the front cover announcement â€Å"The Leadership Classic†. Warren Bennis’s approach in this book can be described as a â€Å"leadership by looking around†. He discusses the essence of leadership and how individuals become leaders by examining numbers of successful leaders. Presence of these examples is very helpful, because we can integrate those leadership qualities into our own lives. In the very beginning of his book Bennis said â€Å"leadership is like beauty: it’s hard to define, but you know it when you see it† . This statement is reflective throughout the book in those examples. In the introductions – one written for the original publication and one a few years later – Bennis states his premises about leadership. He believes that everyone has the capacity for leadership . Why he wants us, his readers, to be so confident? He acknowledges that there are no rules and predictable patterns in leadership, but still encourages us to take risk, make mistakes, and express ourselves to become a successful leader. He firmly believes leaders are made, not born . Learning and developing abilities are more important that the ability one was born with. Those who took risk, made mistakes, and reflected to own failure – understood, thus, learned from the experience, and become leaders. â€Å"On Becoming a Leader† is based on the assumption that leaders know who they are, what their strengths and weaknesses. Bennis’s position is that â€Å"becoming a leader is synonymous with becoming yourself† . The statement seems very simple, but it is difficult indeed. What he really means is that no one can teach how to become ourselves, how to take charges, how to fully-express ourselves. Leaders are those who were able to accomplish those tasks. In the first section of the book Bennis argues that a lack of leadership is one of the greatest dangers to society. He claims that America lost its way – â€Å"We forgot what we were here for.† Certainly, there are not enough leaders in organizations, but the world isn’t that bad. The world changes drastically. Most of the CEOs in America do not know how to use computers. Does it make them bad leaders? We always need competent leaders of any types and levels. Bennis’s leaders are those who adapt changes. Very critically Bennis claims that â€Å"after World War II, America was chiefly notable for its bureaucrats and managers, its organization men, its wheeler-dealers who remade, and in some cases unmade, the institutions and organizations of America, in both the public and private sectors . By this statement, Bennis encourages us to master the context , to take another look at what good leaders are. Bennis sets three reasons why he believes leaders are important. First, leaders are responsible for organizational effectiveness. Second, in the world of constant changes, leaders must provide stability to an organization. Finally, leaders are the only ones to build integrity and trust within an organization. Nevertheless leadership is a complex process and most people fail to master the context. Bennis gives very interesting example of a leadership failure – â€Å"Ed†; he had fantastic management skills, but never really understood what it takes to be an effective leader. Unfortunately, most of us tend to function on Ed’s level. He failed because he was not able to make people willing to follow him. Leaders like him lack most important qualities such passion, integrity, trust, curiosity, daring and guiding vision. Often, these qualities are subjected in stress, hard work, and adversity. â€Å"Ed† is a perfect image of a good manager, but not a leader. Bennis very clear define this difference – â€Å"The manager does things right; the leader does the right thing.† In the next section of â€Å"On Becoming a Leader† Bennis describes the necessity of self-knowledge for future leaders. Norman Lear, producer, screenwriter and director, is frequently referenced by Bennis. Using his character, Bennis contends that self-knowledge is best achieved by the four lessons. 1. you are your own best teacher 2. accept responsibility 3. you can learn anything you want to learn 4. true understanding comes from reflecting on your experience Explore these lessons to become a successful leader. Bennis also discusses the problem of diminishing cultural awareness and how it holds back the emergence of leadership. To become a true leader, one must know the world as well as know oneself. He explains the benefits of expanding the limits of our world by traveling to other countries and learning new cultures. We need to develop respect for diversity, and those who are inherently curious will become true leaders. Finally, Bennis talks about learning through adversity. What can be better than to be able to transform the experience into wisdom? Some of the best learning and creative, innovative ideas come from having to work through crisis. The more obstacles and deterrents you come across, the more you learn and the better you evolve into a more effective leader. However, not all can survive from failure, and very often physical boundaries stifle leadership capabilities. Furthermore, Bennis compare leadership skills with the acquisition of good â€Å"people skills†. He argues that outstanding leaders are able to express concern and respect for fellows. It is not necessary to be a charismatic leader to inspire trust and loyalty in his/her followers. But how make someone to trust you? How to convict someone that following is the best thing to do at the time? Bennis claims that all this can not be taught, but it can be learned. Human sensitivity, tact, compassion, and diplomacy would make one a good leader. More importantly, he supports it with examples of Barbara Corday and Herb Alpert , outstanding leaders exercise empathy when working with colleagues and other leaders. Regarding empathy, Bennis remarks – â€Å"I’ve known leaders who have had none of it and nevertheless were leaders, but those who have had that quality have moved and inspired me more† .  Leaders are the ones who support those whom they lead whether through the use of empathy or through other means. According to Bennis, only leaders who have these qualities can be expected to be America’s future leaders. Finally, while Bennis stresses that all human beings have the ability to lead, his choice of â€Å"outstanding leaders† is quite selective. Rather than selecting leaders from various industries and even countries, Bennis choose high-ranking leaders in large corporate and governmental positions. Those are CEOs and presidents, lawyers, movie directors. It was hard to associate some fields such entertainment industry with traditional fields of leadership (i.e. military, sports). In his book, Bennis encourages us to travel, learn others cultures, but his list of â€Å"outstanding leaders† composed primarily of native born leaders from the United States . In addition, this endless list of characteristics and qualities presented throughout the book is absolutely overwhelming. Even though, I believe this book should be at the top of the reading list in any serious study of leadership. The book is of value to a wide spectrum of people. Those who are currently at a leadership position will be inspired to be better leaders. Those who are â€Å"followers† will gain a better understanding of how crucial is their own role, as well as better understanding of what their own leaders are facing. I personally started to think that I can be a better person, leader in my own life. It does motivate and help to evaluate ourselves. I also feel that I will come back to this book and read it again to discover entirely new insights. Perhaps the reason that this book is simple and so adaptable is author’s belief that anyone can be a leader. Think about that: â€Å"it’s much easier to express yourself than to deny yourself.† And of course, Bennis’s advice is well-taken: we can all be leaders in whatever we do.

European Union Environmental Business Law Essay

The Treaty of Rome which established the European Economic Community in 1958, did not originally included any provisions for the safeguard of the environment It was not until 1985 that the Single European Act inserted Title VII containing articles 130r to 130t in the Treaty of Rome that made environmental protection a lawful objective of the Commission and laid down the core principles upon which the environmental policy was based (Poostchi 83). The core principles as stated by Poostchi are â€Å"the principles that preventative action should be taken, that the polluter should pay and that environmental damage should be rectified at source. These legal principles as given by the Single European Act were further refined by The Maastricht Treaty which enhanced the scope of the environmental policy of the European Union. Today the European Union has over 200 directives (legal texts) with environmental policies under the broad classifications of Air, Biotechnology, Chemicals, Civil Protections and Environmental Accidents, Climate Change, Land Use, Noise, Ozone Layer Protection, Soil, Waste and Water as well as issues like public participation in environmental decision making and public access to environmental information. Development and Implementation of Environmental Law The EU has the option of adopting environmental legislation by way of three primary legal instruments: (i) directives, (ii) regulations, and (iii) decisions. Regulations and decisions are binding in their entirety and are directly applicable within Member States; directives, are binding as to the result to be achieved, but leave to the Member States the choice of form and method, which means that member states have the power to enact local legislation based on a directive to further the cause of initiating it in the first place (Goodrich). The branch of law dealing with the environment has the same system of development and enforcement as other laws developed by the commission. The primary responsibility of EU is to develop environmental laws, while the duty of implementation and enforcement rests in the hands of the 25 member states. Herein lays the strength and weakness of the system. The strength lays in the fact that member states have greater power of enforcement than a council of 25 states, but at the same time member states enjoy considerable flexibility in enforcement which often leads to delays or avoidance of implementation, thereby frustrating the purpose of the law itself. The Legislative Process The Commission is responsible for ensuring compliance with environmental laws. By undertaking its own assessments, through complaints by EU parliament and petitions by EU citizens, the commission monitors the degree of compliance. If after review there is evidence of a breach of law, the EU initiates the infringement proceedings against the violating state. There are three categories of breaches 1) Non-communication cases, in which a member state fails to, inform EU about the adoption of national legislation implementing a directive after the deadline for implementation has passed. 2) Non-conformity cases, in which a member state implements a directive incorrectly. 3) Bad-application cases, in which a member state has failing to correctly apply community law in a particular case. The infringement procedure contains several steps which are outlined in Article 226 of the Treaty. The Commission usually upon receiving a case, issues a formal notice to the government, after which it can issue a reasoned opinion. If the member state still refuses to comply the commission refers the case to the European Court of Justice, for a ruling. Non-compliance with a ruling can lead to the imposition of a fine or lump-sump penalty on the member state. In April 2004 environmental liability directive was issued by the EC with the aim of preventing and remedying environmental damage. According to the directive (which is to be adopted by member states over a period of 3 years) Environmental damage can be remedied in several ways depending on the type of damage: For damage affecting the land, the Directive requires that the land concerned be decontaminated until there is no longer any serious risk of negative impact on human health; For damage affecting water or protected species and natural habitats, the Directive is aimed at restoring the environment to how it was before it was damaged. Another development in the environmental law front is the possibility (proposal for a directive) of criminal action against serious negligence and intentional damage. According to a press release by the EC (Brussels, February 2007) the law would apply to both natural and legal persons. The proposal lays down the maximum penalty, and allows member states to impose more stringent measures. The motivation to introduce criminal action is because although EC Environmental law has existed for 30 years, there are still many cases of severe non- observance of Community environmental law. According the Seventh Annual Survey on the implementation and enforcement of Community environmental law 2005 (Commission Staff working paper Brussels, 2006) there has been a significant reduction in the number of open cases at the end of the year 2005 (798 cases) as opposed to 2004 (1220 cases). However the Environment sector, still accounts for one-fourth of all open cases concerning non-compliance with Community Law under investigation by the Commission. EU Environmental Law and International environmental law Over the past 30 years EU had made tremendous impact on environmental law legislation by enforcing very stringent environmental standards across its member nations. Environmental laws are discriminatory by nature, as they favor countries with developed infrastructures, wealthy industries and higher per capita incomes. For EU to expect all its trading partners (irrespective of their national income and stage of development) to comply with its strict Environmental laws, means that it will seek to eliminate any advantage that they might have in terms of lower prices. Environmental laws can serve as a form of non-tariff trade barrier. As in the case if Shrimp-Turtle case (USA banned the import of shrimp from countries which in the process of shrimp trawling accidentally caused the death of sea turtles. These countries were expected to install US made Turtle Excluder Devices (TEDs), so that the shrimp trawling would become environmentally friendly again) (Schaffer et al. 628). The net effect was to increase the sales of a US industry (the industry making TEDs), and possibly raise the price of imported shrimp products. (Schaffer et al. 623) United States ran into trouble with the WTO on the ban on shrimp products, because it was declared uncompetitive and unfair. Subsequently USA had to redefine its guidelines, so that exporting countries which employed a programme similar to that of the USA for turtle protection were given a certification to export again. Impact on FDI and International Businesses EU’s has emerged as the leading incubator for environmental rules and regulations, and this has major implications for all businesses hoping to work with the European market. This includes businesses within and outside the European Union. This is mainly because of two reasons. Businesses must comply with EU regulations if they wish to continue supply and demand to the region. Secondly like all highest forms of legislation (and constructive action in general) the EU legislation set the benchmark for environmental regulation and there may come a time when they will be followed and implemented across the globe. Recently the Commission enacted 3 new laws, which will have a significant effect on businesses trading in EU. The three regulations are REACH (Registration, Evaluation, and Assessment of Chemical Hazards); RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances); and WEEE (the directive on Waste Electronic and Electric Equipment). All three are complex pieces of legislation that will affect a vast range of products, chiefly electronics that are made, sold, used, and disposed of across 25 EU member countries. (Elkington) The first legislation will make mandatory testing of over 30,000 chemical substances for human safety. This will put the fate of several chemical companies in jeopardy. RoHS seeks to ban six substances out of the E. U. economy: lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). This will make it nearly impossible to manufacture semiconductors for electronic items. The third legislation (WEEE) will affect manufacturers of products like TVs, refrigerators, or cars. This take-back legislation will force companies to take the responsibility of recycling packaging material of their product and also ensure recycling of discarded products (end of life accountability). This legislation takes root from the concept of recycling all waste material so that some of it can be re-absorbed (re-claimed) in the productive process, instead of going unutilized into landfills. These legislations will have a number of implications for local and foreign countries in Europe. Firstly they will have to invest in take-back and recycling infrastructure. It is generally observed that big companies adopt the law, in fear of retaliation from NGO’s, and because they refused to be driven out of markets because of these de-facto trade barriers. Korean and Japanese countries demonstrated this when they took a lead in adopting the ISO 14000 standards, so that they cannot be discriminated in the European Market. The rate of adoption of companies from these countries was faster than that of EU companies themselves. The possible impact of stringent environmental laws is felt on domestic companies as well. During a period of economic downturn and business slowdown, most businesses are reluctant to enforce environmental legislation. Also the cost of monitoring the legal environment for businesses increases. EU is actively taking notice of breach in compliance with environmental laws and the process of pursuing legislative action at the European court is a time wasting and expensive affair. According to the OECD report on FDI, the 2003 FDI inflows to European countries were 23 per cent lower than in 2002. But according to data available with UNCTAD, for the period 2004-2006 FDI picked up again and the EU countries recorded a growth of 30% . Thus it cannot be determined to a conclusive level whether the changes in FDI have resulted because of the enactment and enforcement of environmental laws. It may be noted that European Union’s proactive behavior in enacting environmental legislation could be because they had a smaller land mass and learned the importance of conservation before other bigger countries like US. Whatever the case maybe, it remains to be seen whether the extensive array of laws will improve the environment to any noticeable degree. Given the number of years it takes for degradation to become noticeable any fruits of improvement will take time to manifest themselves. Till then both foreign and domestic businesses will find themselves facing a host of challenges, ranging from legislative action, forced compliance, rising environmental compliance cost and the like. However it will also open opportunities for businesses to develop eco-friendly products, and maintain a positive image in the minds of consumers.

Are We Too Dependent on Computers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Are We Too Dependent on Computers - Essay Example In this debate, I will argue that we are too dependent on computers. Progress is a natural aspect of humanity. People often seek new ideas, concepts and theories to support changing needs. In addition, the human capacity to think differentiates us from animals and drives us to want bigger, better, or more efficient tools to facilitate the execution of tasks. Computers are an example of a tool invented to make it easier to perform duties in an efficient and convenient manner. In spite of their contribution to human development, computers have also robbed us of certain aspects of our humanity, especially our social element. Human beings are naturally social; we always seek others for company and support in every possible way. However, computers are taking and have been taking this attribute away from us since they were invented. Today, it is common to see people using computers to perform everything, even tasks that can be carried out without technological assistance. In school, students are using calculators, which are minicomputers, to perform computations even when they do not really need to. It is also common to see people flashing out their gadgets at social gatherings and immersing themselves in online forums when they should be socializing with others. Smartphones, which are basically computers in their own right, and laptops, are now present in every corner of our lives. We have placed these devices on such a high pedestal that we view them as viable alternatives to other people.  

MBA Accounting and Managerial Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

MBA Accounting and Managerial Finance - Essay Example 2. The investment related to machinery can be depreciated for tax purposes on the 5-year MACRS schedule while that of related to refurbishing of plant can be depreciated on 10-year MACRS schedule. The residual value of machine at the end of 5 years is expected to be zero. 3. The following income statement has been fore casted by the sales staff of the Sheetbend & Halyard Inc. which appeared to be correct to Mr. Tar except that the book depreciation was used, not the tax depreciation. In the meantime, Sheetbend & Halyard Inc. received a firm offer from Maine real estate developer to purchase Pleasantboro land and plant for $1.5 million in cash. The plant is fully depreciated while land’s cost is $10,000. On the basis of the information available, the CFO Mr. Tar was asked to advise whether the company should bid for the proposal of U.S. Navy. If the proposal is bid and accepted, the company shall receive cash flows for continuous succeeding 5 years. The cash flows are confirmed under the circumstances. However, if such bid is not made, the company may sell the Pleasantboro land and plant immediately. The company will also not need to make additional investment of $1.5 million for the purchase of machinery and refurbishing of plant. The projected Income statement prepared by the sales department is correct in the opinion of Mr. Tar. However, the tax depreciated should be accounted for in the Income statement in place of book depreciation. Using the MACRS depreciation schedule on the 10-years and 5-years for plant and machinery respectively, the following depreciation schedule for future years was made: On the basis of the depreciation calculated as per MACRS schedule and the data prepared by the sales department staff, the following forecasted Income statement for the navy duffel canvas project was prepared by Mr. Tar: In the forecasted income

Victorian Era Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Victorian Era - Assignment Example The term ‘machine for living’ was coined by the French architect Le Corbusier. According to him he felt that a an owner of a house has needs and that is why a house should a machine for living. He was known for designs of Victorian homes which were designed with the idea and his vision for house being a machine for living. Gothic furniture is very influenced by gothic architecture. It contains the unique artwork which is related to church designs and trefoil shapes. Generally the upper back portion of the chairs is very similar the church designs and the carvings are similar to the gothic architecture. Still room was generally found in castles and large establishment in the medieval times. It was used as a distillery room and was connected to the kitchen. The room was mainly used to baking, preparing drinks and jams and the lady of the house of in charge of it. The two new rooms that were introduced during the Victorian era were the billiards room and the smoking room. Billiards room as the name suggests should not be confused with the game of billiards, rather the room was used as a place of entertainment. The smoking room was a place where men would often retire after their supper. In the earliest times, glass was considered a precious material and was so highly valued that it was only used by the wealthiest families as their windows. It started becoming more popular during the 14th century and was developed to make flat window glasses. The French glass blowers developed it for the first time and it was called the crown glass. This made it possible for house owners to start using glass for their windows. The Victorian Era was considered the time often fakes due to one particular reason. The faux fireplace was the reason behind it. When the parlor stoves became a common way to heating a room, they were most of time place in front of an existing fireplace. The Victorians would seal up their existing fireplace with

Dans quelle mesure peuton dire que les in&#233galities de salaire Essay

Dans quelle mesure peuton dire que les inégalities de salaire existent toujours pour les femmes en France - Essay Example Au contraire, l'tude montre un cart d'entre 6% (ouvriers) et 68% (chefs d'entreprise) dans les salaires mensuels nets, moyennant 37% tous temps de travail confondus, et 24% pour les postes temps complets. La catgorie avec le moins d'carts est la catgorie des employs (entre 6 et 8%). Les moins bien payes touchent 91% du niveau de salaire des hommes, alors que les 10% les mieux rmunres n'en peroivent que 75% (Observatoire des ingalits 2006). En ce qui concerne la fonction publique, les plus rcentes tudes publies par l'INSEE (2004) montrent un cart de 20% dans le salaire annuel nets pour les postes temps complets. Tandis que les femmes cadres et des employes et ouvrires qui travaillent dans le secteur public gagnent nettement moins que les hommes (entre 20 et 25%), des professionnelles gagnent presque le mme salaire que leurs collgues masculins (20,400 contre 21,900). Ses statistiques sont controverses de par le fait que les vraies diffrences sont difficiles cerner. Dans certaines instances, le statut complexe de la femme franaise entre mre de famille et travailleur rendre difficile la tache de comparaison. L'volution des lois sur le travail (le SMIC par exemple) a fait que les femmes d'aujourd'hui gagnent plus que ses surs d'il y a un demi-sicle (Clark 2000, p.77), mais 80% des salaris qui gagnent le SMIC et moins sont des femmes (Maurin 2000). Cela ne dmontre pas une ingalit de salaire mais une ingalit dans le systme du travail. La culture franaise insiste sur la place primordiale de la femme la maison, en assurant la stabilit de la vie de famille. Puisque des femmes doivent penser aux enfants, soit elles ne poursuivent pas des tudes au-del du baccalaurat-qui leur donne accs qu'aux postes mal pays-o elles ne travaillent qu' temps partiel. Ces ingalits se rvlent par une infriorit de salaire dans des statistiques globales, mais ce qui est plus important retenir c'est que les horaires infrieurs effectus par les femmes ne sont pas reflts par les tudes, donc on ne peut que supposer un cart plus important que ceux reporter par des statistiques officielles. D'autre lment qui rend compliqu la question d'ingalits de salaire est la diffrence des qualifications entre hommes et femmes et leur concentration dans des diffrents secteurs et filires. Les femmes sont plutt concentres dans des filires avec des salaires bas (Gregory et Tidd 2000, p. 36), par exemple, elles sont plutt dans l'administration (secrtaires, rceptionnistes) et l'enseignement (surtout dans la maternelle). SelonMargaret Maruani, sociologue et directrice de recherche au CNRS, cela est la faute de l'ducation, ou les filles sont traditionnellement orientes vers des filires fminines tandis que des garons le sont vers des filires dites nobles telles que sciences conomiques (Maurin 2000). En outre des secteurs de salaire infrieur, les mres gravitent aussi vers les botes relativement petites et intimes (Gregory et Tidd 2000, p.36). En tudiant des secteurs quivalents, on trouve qu'en gnral les femmes occupent des postes moins qualifis que des hommes mme si maintenant elles ont plus d'accs aux mtiers qualifis (Maurin 2000). Mme quand elles se trouvent parmi les cadres suprieurs, son statut et par la suite son salaire n'est pas forcment la mme que ses collgues masculins. Maruani

Alcohol Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 17

Alcohol - Essay Example It is critical that in such instances, alcohol increases its effects on the consumer with the possibility of death resulting from such incidences being a common occurrence. Evidently, alcohol has become a global problem because of steady increment of consumers annually, with the most affected individuals being the youth. Alcohol has severe effects and the usage increase among the youth possess a great challenge to tomorrow’s generation. The practice of alcohol abuse is currently widespread with the total number of individuals engaging in the practice reaching a billion marks (Myers and Isralowitz 48). Whereas some people argue that better an individual abuse alcohol than other substances, the effects associated with alcohol are more severe, and evidence proves that the effect on humans is very severe when consumed in excess. Many alcohol users perceive the drinking as a means of relieving pains and certain stressful conditions, without any knowledge of the hallucinating effect s of alcohol. Increase in such misconceptions regarding alcohol has indeed been the greatest contributing factor towards the increased abuse of alcohol in the deceit of its relieving aspects. Alcohol currently stands as one of the greatest causes of preventable deaths globally through liver cirrhosis, the commonest resultant effect associated with alcohol abuse. Despite the variance of alcohol usage based on age and gender, the practice seems to have an earlier onset of its abuse, which extends to both genders.

Positioning and Communications Strategy for a New Weight-Loss Drug Essay

Positioning and Communications Strategy for a New Weight-Loss Drug Overweight Adults in the U.S - Essay Example She was the company’s senior director of marketing. Her 20 years of experience in the industry as the marketing head of prescription drugs for the company helped it achieve these profitable heights (Friedhoff 45). In the recent past, she was responsible for leading six drug campaigns for the company’s most successful drug called Zimistat. Up-to-date the company has not had another successful drug in comparison to Zimistat. In this case, Barbara’s first order of business was developing a reliable positioning strategy and viable marketing communication strategy for the drug. In 2008, the company awaited patiently for FDA approval with plans of launching the product in the next year. Executive Summary Cambridge Sciences Pharmaceuticals (CSP) publicized a first of its kind prescription drug FDA approved drug tailored for moderately overweight individuals named Metabical. The company conducted trial on overweight participants who reached their expected weight loss goa ls in 12 weeks. Despite the delays in pricing, the company estimated the price of the drug as $3-$5 per day. The least treatment period covered 12 weeks. This report sheds light on the development of a reliable positioning strategy and viable marketing communication strategy for the company’s drug. ... This also aids in the identification of potential market targets. The third section is the SWOT analysis for the product. This identifies the potential strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats for the drug. Thus, the company identifies the communication strategy to adopt in the advertising of the drug. The final focus is the most appropriate communication strategy that suits best the drug. This is advantageous as the company enhances better communication with the consumers. The company spent much money and time on FDA trials and in R&D in trying to decide on the most appropriate marketing communications strategy and positioning plan. Barbara was aware that so as to recover this lump sum investment, the drug required two issues addressed. These included the need for a steady, long-term demand, and a successful launch to attract customers. She reasoned that if the drug did not reach out and appeal to the customers, Metabical’s credibility would raise questions as the FD A approval would be of little significance. Barbara’s challenges came in the optimal segmentation, the positioning and targeting of the Metabical drug. After establishing this, she could now concentrate her energies on creating a time schedule for all major activities and assessing the current communicating and marketing strategies. The case studies helped her in posing several questions. These include: a. Who are the most suited target consumers? b. How are the participants going to get instructions from the company? c. Where are the participants coming from and how to contact them? d. What was the most appropriate message for delivery drafted for the participants? Problem Statement A summary of overweight and obesity issue in the U.S. In reference to

Of Mice and Men Qu Essay Example for Free

Of Mice and Men Qu Essay Do you agree that Lennie is always incapable of taking responsibility for his actions? You should refer closely to Lennies words, to events and to the actions and opinions of other characters in your answer. Throughout the majority of the novel, Steinbeck demonstrates how Lennie relies on George to help him out of the dire, tense situations he brings upon himself. Steinbeck conveys this image of Lennie by producing this by frequent reoccurring events, Lennies actions or even implicit use of speech from or even directed at Lennie. At the opening section of the book, Steinbeck chooses to show us the large contrast between George and Lennie; he describes how Lennie flung himself down snorting into the water like a horse. The use of crude descriptive words such as flung or snorting suggests just how careless Lennie can be. This compares Lenny to an animal which instinctively lashes at the sight of something they want without thinking logically at all. And with this, the readers taste the first time at which how reliant Lennie is of George. Steinbeck chooses to have George say that Lennie will be sick like you was last night. By mentioning last night, the reader learns that Lennie must regularly make stupid mistakes like this. It is made very apparent how Lennie is unable to take responsibility for his actions when he crushes Curleys hand. Lennie was unable to understand the situation when Curley made a misunderstanding about Slim and his wife and Lennie continued smiling with delight on a completely different topic. This produces a juxtaposition image in the readers mind where at one side: Curley is steaming hot with anger as he whirled upon Carlson (the word whirled also suggests how he only gave Slim respect opposed to Carlson who he flipped into his old aggressive self again) and on the other, Lennie is grinning to himself like an idiot. The fact that Steinbeck chooses to have Lennie fantasize whilst a loud commotion is going on nearby shows just how little awareness and sense Lennie has altogether. And this is what leads into the fight. When Lennie is being attacked, he has no intuition to make a decision on what to do so once again he looked helplessly at George. The word helplessly really emphasises just how incapable Lennie is like a baby animal or lamb for instance when he gets himself into trouble like this. He bleated with terror implying that even with the strength Lennie possesses, he is unable to analyse the situation to take responsibility of the problem he has gotten himself into. The words bleated and terror really create an atmosphere as if Lennie like a baby lamb has been corned by a wolf. This is done by using the onomatopoeia bleat so you can almost here how distressed and vulnerable Lennie is at this stage. All he can do is use his animal like instincts and retreat and defend with his huge paws. The reference to paws may also hint to us what is about to come however it may have several connotations; a bear is a shy beast and doesnt want attention, however if a situation of danger arises, it can be extremely vicious and protective just like Lennie becomes when George tells him to get him. On the other hand, paws may refer to another weaker animal such as the paws of a puppy that Lennie was so infatuated about. This can symbolize how weak and inexperienced Lennie is since he is also new to this aggression he is receiving likewise to a new born pup is to the world. At this stage, Slim sees how vulnerable and useless he is and jumped up to help. The impact the moment is causing on the other workers watching is shown to be so big that the respected Slim is even shaken conveyed by jumped up. It shows how emotions inside Slim were building up until they finally jumped out of him in an explosion. Steinbeck does this to show how useless Lennie can be in these situations so that even people around him who have known him for a few hours understand how dependent he is. However, Lennie with Georges guidance was able to do something however his actions shows the reader once again just how unintentionally irresponsible he can be. At first the description of Lennies attack is just that Curleys fist was lost in Lennies big hand. It isnt very dramatic at this point and just seems like Lennie stops Curley from attacking him. For example, it could of been described using dramatic words such as: Curleys hand was absolutely crushed causing him to scream with agony however it uses the word disappear to relieve all the tension that may of built up; this may be done to cause a greater impact later on. The speech that follows explains how the situation was worsening. George tells Lennie to leggo of him but all Lennie could do was watch in terror which shows how shaken up he is so that he cant even respond. Even with George who slapped him in the face again and again, Lennie was still unresponsive. By slapping him George hoped to achieve a respond which would normally happen to anyone however it shows that Lennie was undergoing a mental difficulty insde. The way Steinbeck describes George having to give multiple signals again and again like slapping or verbal commands show how incapable Lennie was. When Lennie finally finishes he doesnt seem to even understand what hes done. He doesnt even look at the shrunken Curley and immediately talks to George miserably. At this point Slim had regarded Lennie with horror showing how his opinion of him being a nice fella had turned so very quickly. By having Slim- a very high respected figure looking at Lennie with this horror, Steinbeck causes the readers to truly understand how dangerous and uncontrollable he is. Lennies only concern here was probably mainly whether or not he could tend to the rabbits so he was apologizing to George. He even asks George at the end of the section whether he can still tend the rabbits which once again shows us how unaware of the situation he really is and this requires George to look into their greater concern- whether they will get canned now. This shows that even though Lennie is not prioritized correctly, George once again desperately tries to fix the damage thats been done which suggests how many times this may of happened in the past. Steinbeck just repeatedly reinforces the strong idea of what Lennie is like and how George has to bail him out time and time again. It states how Slim smiled wryly and instantly the world wryly shows how Slim is going to take responsibility and deal with Curley in a slightly devious, corrupt method so that George and Lennie wont get sacked. After Lennie killed the puppy in section 5, his initial fears was once again the rabbits. And after he causes the death of Curleys wife, his fears remained the same. At that point, he pawed up the hay until it partly covered her and left for the place where George told him to go if anything wrong happened. The fact that Lennie crudely leaves the body openly partly hidden in the barn shows how little concern he has for the bigger picture. The way Lennie only partly hides the corpse shows what little concern he has almost to the extent where it becomes ridiculous as all he can think of is go to the rendezvous part and have George help him yet again. Up until the beginning of section 6, Lennie has acted irresponsibly and ironically, he begins to think accordingly to the situation only when it is too late. Opposed to how he flung himself around in section 1, Lennie went through the bushes to the meeting place as silently as a creeping bear moves. He also drank, barely touching his lips to the water opposed to how he was snorting it like a horse. Steinbeck uses the same location to create a strong contrast between the juxtaposition used here. As he crept silently and drank barely touching the water, these two words emphasise how carefully he is acting. Steinbeck deliberately does this to emphasise how late it is for him to be responsible and coordinated. And even so, it is George once again who has to take the real responsibility to shoot him.

Early Years Laying the Foundations of Learning

Early Years Laying the Foundations of Learning The provision of nurturing to children in their early years of schooling, prep to grade four, is well recognised as being important for an individuals future success in education and learning throughout life (Queensland Government 2008; Dahlberg, Moss, Pence 1999). There is a convincing amount of literature to suggest that the early years of life are a critical period, in which the supported development of children will have long-term benefits (Australian Government [a] 2010). It is acknowledged that in the early years of schooling the foundations for aptitude and basic coping skills are established which, in turn have an effect on an individuals ongoing learning, behaviour and health (Heckman, 2004; Dodge 2004). These issues of learning and wellbeing of a child depend on their circumstances as an individual, as a member of their family, community and wider society (Australian Institute of Family Studies 2010). This essay gives specific regard to these issues that can influence a young persons development in the early years stage of schooling. It sets out to demonstrate the complexity of early years, and highlight numerous risk and protective factors which combine to influence childrens development. Some of these factors affect the development of physical, cognitive, social and language skills necessary for later in life (Early Life Foundations 2010; Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority 2004). This essay groups these issues into four areas of context, these are; child, family, environment and community. This essay also gives critical examination of some current curriculum documents and learning resources which assist children in developing strong foundation for learning. Analysis of issues that can influence a young persons development at this stage of schooling and discussion of theoretical perspectives related to childhood development and learning; The early years are a period in development where the brain and central nervous system grows and develops (Casey, Giedd, Thomas 2000). Both the environmental factors such as nurturing and natural factors such as family genes influence the development of children. The quality of childrens first environments and the availability of appropriate experiences at the right stages of early years growth are key factors in brain development (The Royal Childrens Hospital, 2009). Inadequate nutrition can also seriously interfere with brain development (Glewwe, Jacoby King 2000; Queensland Government [a] 2010). There is considerable evidence showing adequate stimulation has measurable better brain function of those raised in less stimulating environments. Early stress on brain development can affect learning, and memorably adversely, those children who experience acute stress in their early years are at a higher risk for developing a variety of cognitive, behavioural and emotional difficulties later in life (Glaser 2000; Van der Gaag, 2003). The early years are fundaments for the formation of intelligence, personality, social behaviour and physical development (Aga Khan Development Network, 2007). Investment in the early years can result in significant returns, if children start as bring confident and enthusiastic for learning early on in life, they are more likely to be better students (Van der Gaag, 2003). Child context Current themes and trends in literature suggests that learning in the early years sets good foundations for learning throughout life and that children who have positive experiences in theses years have a greater chance of success (ACT Government 2010). This begs the question, what is success? Generally speaking what society wants most for its children is for them to be happy, healthy and successful (Early Life Foundations, 2010). Both happiness and health can be considered as straight forward, however success has many interpretations. It is therefore important those involved in early childhood education reflect upon what they deem success to be so as they can envisage what they want for children. Whilst children attain competence in numeracy and literacy, being skilled in other non scholarly facets, for example sport, may help children develop more holistically (Lewis 2008). There are subjects, which some considered non-studious, unimportant and which are not promoted or even recognised in schools. Yet some subjects signed with these stigmas deal with childrens ability to enjoy success and form relationships with others that are productive and enable them to learn how to communicate effectively (Lewis 2008). These aspects can constitute success as children learn to express their feelings and cope with challenges. Given that the early years of a child are commonly associated as being the time of the most rapid development and learning, a mass of recognition and advancement supporting the significance of early years offerings exists (Department of Education and Early Childhood Education 2008,). The first example element of this, to be discussed, is the early years learning framework for Australia (Australian Government [b]). The framework has been designed with the notion that one of the main issues shaping early years schooling is how the students perceive themselves. As children physically develop they also develop personal interest and begin to construct their own identities and understandings of the world around them (Commonwealth of Australia [a] 2009). Fundamental to the framework is a view that childrens lives are characterised by the factors of belonging, being and becoming (Australian Education Union 2009). Whilst the framework recognises the importance of literacy and numeracy learnings it focuses vastly on childrens social development, namely: sense of personal identity, connectedness and contribution to their world, strong sense of personal wellbeing, confidence and involvement (Strong 2004) Many curriculum documents and documents directly refer to childrens context, specifically individuals attributes and personalities, motivation, behaviour and health (Australian Curriculum Assessment and Reporting Authority 2010, Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority 2010). One of the most convincing reasons for investment in early years development is that without it potential for educated human capital is reduced. Thus far research in this field has shown that investments in early years education are financially more efficient than remedial support programmes (Van der Gaag, 2003; Heckman 2004). When planning for education in the early years, consideration must be given for how students learn and what they are capable of learning. Theorists explain to us that in their early years children develop in a series of areas, including physical development, speech, social and emotional and children can show varied capabilities in each area (Genovese, 2003). Commonly planning and school programs are modelled on Piagets theory, a four stage cognitive development theory which provides part of the foundation for constructivist learning (Flavell 1999). Similarly early years schooling is largely shaped by Vygotskys notions related to sectors of development. What a child can do alone and unassisted is a task that lies in what Vygotsky calls the zone of actual development (Kozulin 2003). Vygotskys believes that children enter this zone when they are able to successfully complete tasks independently (Kozulin 2003). Children can then apply this knowledge to new-found situations they may encounter afterward. Family relationships context Of course to achieve autonomously, children need to begin to learn with some assistance. This is where family and relationship context play a vital part in early years development. Children require stimulation and support to aid their development and relationships tend to affect virtually all aspects such development, counting social, emotional, physical, and behaviour (Commonwealth of Australia [b]). The quality and solidity of a childs relationships in their early years lay the foundation for a wide range of crucial later developmental outcomes. Chiefly these upshots are self-confidence, health, motivation to learn, the ability to self-manage problems and resolve conflicts in nonviolent ways and ultimately having the skill to build and uphold relationships. Put simply, relationships are imperative to robust early years development (The Benevolent Society 2010). Relationships connect children to their community in a way which help them to define their identity and what they can achieve, however, it should be noted that families expectations of children differ (Howes, 1999). Relationships between family members such as siblings can allow children in their early years to practice negotiation and skills for coping with disagreements constructively. For children the task of finding a balance between positive and negative aspects of interaction with their family is a trait that can be transferred into childrens positive social development. On the other hand poor early relationships may be associated with adverse developmental outcomes. In this case children may struggle to make friends and learn how to work cooperatively with others influencing their early years learning. For some children there lies an expectation for verbally communicate to take place in their home setting. This occurs for a range of reasons, such as describing events, responding to questions and participating in family discussions (ref). All of these proficiencies are alike those in school settings. Other the contrary, children not concerned with school-like experiences at home may not use language to complete tasks and may have many experiences without surrounding them with discussion. Through the theory work of Vygotsky and also that of Jerome Bruner, the idea that early years learners need scaffolding was taken on. This means that those involved in the education of early years students should be attuned to the interests and learning requirements of students. Given this students are able to move progressively to higher levels of development. Scaffolding, like any approach in teaching, can be advantageous and disadvantageous for learners. This is because when the theory of scaffolding in put into practice there is potential for the zone of development to be estimated inaccurately (State of Victoria 2007) Relationships with parents are also a significant component of early years development and consequently parents are often viewed as ongoing advocates for their children. Teachers allying the Reggio Emilia consider parents as the first teachers of children and therefore this schooling theory involves parents in all aspects of the curriculum (Cadwell, 1997). Environment context Thirdly, learning contexts, such as informal home learning environments and formal schooling play important parts in early years development (ref). Supporting environments that promote optimal early years development greatly increase the likelihood of better education outcomes and health within and subsequent to schooling. Many theorists contribute to the environmentalist perspective of development, believing that learning and behaviour of early years learners are reactions to their surroundings Due to this the organisation of learning environments is key to Reggio Emilias early years philosophy. The significance of the environment follows the belief that children can be aware of their world through situations which support thoughts and various ways of expressing them. In a Reggio Emilia setting, groups of children stay solely with a teacher for three years, in turn, this creates a constant environment without pressures of forming further relationships. The constructivist perspective of development has been highly developed by several theorists, namely Piaget, Montessori, and Vygotsky (NCREL, 2010). Even though their work differs, there is an overall consented belief that development occurs when early years students relate with those and the environment surrounding them (NCREL, 2010; Centre for Child Development 2010). Today, many parents still believe that children are not ready for early years schooling unless they aquire the talents of reciting the alphabet, counting, and rightly follow basic instructions. Another common belief is that children are ready for the early years stage of schooling when they can appropriately respond to their environment, i.e. follow rules and directions and exhibit a proper code of behaviour When early years students encounter difficulties in learning processes, they often are labelled as having learning problems and are monitored in classrooms with curriculum customised to control their behaviour. On the other hand, some theorists advise changing classroom settings to help the children address difficulties. Bronfenbrenners theory describes the environment as having layers, each playing an effect on a childs development. Bronfenbrenner sees the volatility of families as having potential to be a destructive force in early years development and therefore believes that childrens primary relationship needs to be with someone who can provide a sense of care permanently. This theory has dire implications for the practice of teaching. For teachers this theory has implications as it necessitates teachers to provide stable, long-term relationships. Teachers organise the learning environments, they consider how the environments organisation stimulates children and enable them to work most effectively. Effective learning environments are purposefully constructed to aid childrens holistic development. Community context Lastly the community context relating to the environment in which children live, including resources and opportunities, community values, and protection adversely impact upon the development of early years students (Government of South Australia 2007). During early years, childrens identities, knowledge, understandings, capacities, skills and relationships change, these are influenced by events and conditions. By means of correlations with communities, teachers are capable of enhancing their understandings of their students and how curriculums can match their learning and developmental needs. By working with communities, teachers can also form environments for learning which encompass childrens social and cultural existence. The Reggio Emilia way of thinking pays attention to such various points of view along with the needs, interests and abilities of early years students. Perhaps the most trying aspect of this theory is that teacher must trust students to be interested in appropriate learning and be confident they can teach in response. This philosophy also assumes that parents will be proactive in joining their childs education. Critical examination of current curriculum documents that pertain to this particular stage of schooling; In recent times a more apparent comprehension of the ways in which children learn and develop has emerged. Within Australia the recognition of the importance of the early years is also reflected in the development of curriculums. There are many aspects to be considered when planning for teaching and learning in the early years and many theorist have had strong influences in the field of planning. Given child, family, environmental and community contexts shape children lives in the early years stage of schooling, curriculum documents ought to value these attributes. The delivery of developmentally appropriate learning should therefore occur accordingly. In Australia there exists a diversity of backdrops for childhood upbringings; including urban and rural living as well as multiple care experiences and contact with various social and cultural customs (Petriwskyj, A 2010). There are numerous documents available to provide teachers with a framework for interacting with children, planning, assessing and reflecting on an effective early years curriculum. Today the most commonly used methods of introducing curriculum driven outcomes in schools is the development of new resources and guidelines. In effect, these methods lead to a surplus of products which consequently can fail to bridge networks or engage students and school communities. In order to suppress the duplication of poor quality education resources, teachers designing unit and lesson plans must understand the importance of alliance building in order to achieve solid educational outcomes without squandering time in re-inventing the wheel. The development of early years curriculum needs to be mindful of diversity of children and families it aims to be inclusive of (Government of South Australia 2007). . Curriculum makers need to also cater for institutions that follow differing philosophies such as Reggio Emilia, Steiner, and Montessori. Rather than preparing blanket approach frameworks which cause school staff to squeeze through circles, future curriculum documents should acknowledge that implementation of a framework in should be unique to its setting. With this is mind curriculum documents that pertain to the early years stage of schooling could instead focus on how learning can take place, opposed to what has to be learnt. Where current curriculum documents are complex and often bombastic, plain language could be invoked. One crucial element of beneficial early years education is the involvement of the school community, i.e. parents and teachers for students learning. Without the typical education jargon which can be difficult to decipher parents and teachers alike may better understand core curriculum documentation. The support of early years learning settings in a community, from parents could be achieved by making primary school hubs. By moving away from a model of service provision, towards a holistic approach, programming could be further based on the individual needs of children. Formulation of teaching and learning strategies, including resources that assist in teaching this age group. Educators use a wide scoop of strategies to pull together, detail, order and give detail of what they gather to assess the learning of early years students. In recent times approaches to assessment also analyse the many learning strategies that early years students use, these include inquiry based learning and learning by play (Gorden, n.d). Some parents and educators recognise play as a valuable component for learning as it provides opportunities for children to not only explore learning but also to transfer learning from one situation to another. Play is also thought to provide valuable perimeters within which teachers can gauge and scrutinise learning (Australian Government Department of Education, Employment and Workplace. 2009). For play based learning, resources that reflect childrens interests can be provided to stimulate and support engagement in recreation (Kennedy). Resources which permit unrestricted use such as cardboard boxes or blocks promote imagination, originality and manipulation of common concepts (Wood Attfield 2005) The Early Years Learning Framework, developed collaboratively by Australian State and Territory Governments, has a set stress for play-based learning as an important medium for early years learning. The framework describes the principles, practice and outcomes essential to support and enhance early years learning (Australian Government 2010). Complementing this resource are various websites which look at early years development and unpack support and education information. Delivering resource packages of audio, document, image, video and interactive software is the Australian Government body; Department of Education and Early Childhood Development (State of Victoria 2007). Via its FUSE (Find, Use and Share Education) website the department supplies resources, agendas, guidelines and professional development that caters for communication, contribution, identity, learning and wellbeing of early years children (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2008) Further resources including an Educators Guide is being prepared to encourage the carrying out of the Early Years Learning Framework, additionally Professional Support Coordinators and Indigenous Professional Support Unit networks across Australia are able to deliver assistance and support its implementation (Australian Government, 2010). Resources designed to assist teaching of early years classes must be focused on promoting life-long learners. Monitoring and assessing are also integral part of curriculum decision making. Strategies teachers can use to that support childrens learning include: providing feedback to children on their progress during learning experiences, reflecting with children about their learning, and keeping the network of those involved in a childs learning informed. Means for implementing these strategies can include the selection of work artefacts for inclusion in folios, writing in communication diaries, reporting in newsletters (Australian Government Department of Education, Employment and Workplace 2009). The inclusion of early years students in assessment processes can help build a view of why this learning is considered valuable. This strategy allows children to become more aware of their own learning and empowers them as they continue to learn. Conclusion Given the diversity of children in early years settings, learning experiences differ; we need to cater for children from various social backgrounds as well as their emerging interests and likings they foster. To help lay strong foundations for early years students to succeed, this essay has demonstrated how we can draw upon theoretical perspectives related to learning. Although it notes theory without execution is inefficient. It is understood that success, health and wellbeing can all stem from the early years of childhood. In knowing this, we as teachers can focus upon our interactions and find opportunities to be creative and imaginative and allow children not to be rushed through their early childhood years. Another key components that is used for curriculum decision making in the early years phase of learning is the establishment suitable learning environments of which is developmentally appropriate for children. Investing resources to support children during their early years of life brings long-term benefits to them and for society as a whole.

Cooperative Pursuit :: essays research papers

Cooperative Pursuit Rural electric cooperatives are formed in order to bring rural areas of the United States fast, affordable, and efficient electricity. An electric co- op is designed to offer you electricity at a cheaper rate and enables one to make use of modern electric conveniences. Conveniences that an electric co-op bring include hot water, lights, and heat. Imagine how life would be with these electric conveniences at your disposal. Life as it is known would be completely different; more relaxed, more comfortable, and much easier. Even though there is a small fee required to join the co-op think of all the advantages you will receive.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hot water is a distinct electric convenience that you could enjoy if you decide to form an electric co-op. Hot water not only allows simple routines such as bathing to be more comfortable it is used to sanitize your home as well as your articles of clothing. Thanks to the modernization of preheated water, it is no longer necessary that water be heated manually through backbreaking labor. All thanks to the arrival of a hot water heater controlled by electricity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Electrical lighting has unquestionably altered the average household and will increase your farm productivity. With electricity it is possible to make use of the entire day not just the daylight hours. thereby increasing your farm production by being able to work at a steady pace for a longer period of time. Imagine not having to blow out or relight candles, with the flip of a switch you automatically lighted the entire house. Electric lighting is not only one of the most common conveniences, it is the most practical.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Modern day heating compared to the burning of wood or coal is a very welcomed change in American society. A wood burning stove is now a thing of the past. Imagine the heating of your entire home with electricity. Chopping wood, hauling coal, and stoking the fire will become a memory from days gone by. I guarantee that you will enjoy being able to control the warmth of your of your home at the flip of a switch. the environment will also profit by the use of electric heating, By having cleaner air and being able to retain possession of one of it's most treasured possessions - trees.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The conveniences cited above may be conveyed to you effectively by an electric cooperative. Try to imagine all of the modern conveniences listed in your very own home. If cost is a factor in making the switch from your accustomed to a more modernize life, most co-ops only ask a five dollar

Eating disorders Essay -- essays research papers

I choose to do these weeks health paper on eating disorders. I myself have dealt with an eating disorder and know the effects it can have on those you love and yourself both physically and mentally. Bulimia and Anorexia are serious, functional eating disorders. There are a lot of similarities between the two, but the few differences differentiate the two. Anorexia is an eating disorder in which a person has an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming obese. This person may eat little or nothing during the day, essentially starving themselves. This disease can cause a lot of damage to the body such as slowed heart rate, lowered body temperature and blood pressure, premature bone loss, loss of menstruation or irregular periods, change in body hair, grayish or yellowish skin and mood changes. According to several resources, approximately .5%-3.7% of females will suffer from Anorexia Nervosa in their lifetime. Bulimia is a person who binges and purges. The majority of bulimia nervosa patients are female. They will eat a large quantity of food in a short amount of time and then self-induce vomiting or will use laxatives or diuretics. They may also exercise compulsively. This person will can have damaged and discolored teeth, lung irritation, and muscle spasms, electrolyte imbalances that can lead to irregular heartbeats and heart failure and death. They may also have sores on the back of the hand that is for self induced vomiting. According to several resources, approximatel...

What Factors Control Carbon Mineralization and Flux in Bog Soils and Ho

I. Introduction: What is a Bog? The word "bog," from the old Gaelic "bogach," is commonly used to refer to any stretch of waterlogged, swampy ground. The words, fen, moor, muskeg, peatland, and mire are also used to describe these areas, which can lead to some confusion over terminology. Specifically, a bog is "a peat accumulating wetland that has no significant inflows or outflows and supports acidophilic mosses, particularly sphagnum" (Gosselink and Mitsch 1993). The vast majority of bogs are located in the moist, cool boreal regions of North America and Eurasia. Bogs are also called "peatlands" because of the peat they accumulate, but "peatland" is a more general term that includes "minerotrophic" and "transition" peatlands. These wetlands also accumulate peat, but they differ topographically and hydrologically from bogs. True bogs (ombrotrophic peatlands) are characterized by peat layers higher than their surroundings; they are often called "raised bogs." They also receive nutrients and minerals exclusively by precipitation, i.e. they are hydrologically isolated (Gosselink and Mitsch 1993 p.374). They form in a variety of ways, but once ombrotrophic (rain-nourished) peatlands develop they are stable under "fairly wide environmental fluctuation" (Gosselink and Mitsch 1993 p.372). This discussion will be limited to the true bogs, and they will be referred to as bogs or peatlands. II. Peat Soils and Carbon Mineralization Peat is the name for the soil that forms in bogs and other peatlands. It is an organic soil (Histosol), composed almost entirely of partially decayed plant matter. The high percentage of organic fibers in peat makes it a fibrist, which is a Histosol containing less than one third decayed organic matter... ... the peat." Journal of Ecology 81 (1993), 615-625. Siegel, D. I. et al. "Climate driven flushing of pore water in peatlands" Nature 374 (6 April 1995), 531-533. Singer, Michael J. and Donald N. Munns. Soils: An Introduction. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Prentice-Hall 1991. Soil Taxonomy USDA Soil Conservation Service Agricultural Handbook No. 436. 1975. T.R. Knowles and R. Moore. "The influence of water table levels on methane and carbon dioxide levels from peatland soils." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 69; 1 (1989), 33-38. Woodwell, George M. "Biotic feedbacks from the warming of the earth." Biotic Feedbacks in the Global Climatic System. New York, Oxford University Press 1995, p3-19. Yavitt, Joseph B. et al. "Control of carbon mineralization to CH4 and CO2 in anaerobic, Sphagnum-derived peat from Big Run Bog." Biogeochemistry 4; 2 (1987), 141-157.

Ace Water Spa Case Study

Ace Water Spa is a resort-type spa that offers traditional massage services through the use of hydrotherapy systems that utilize water jets in order to provide water therapy to its guests. It first opened in Del Monte Ave. , Quezon City in 2005. It prides itself as the Philippines’ first ever European therapeutic spa concept. It is a spacious spa that has 20 unique and fully automated Ultrasonic Massage System equipped with therapeutic aquatic jets that helps customers with different health benefits which depends on the type of massage and machine they will use. Ace Water Spa includes day spas, fitness clubs and gyms, and water resorts as their competitor. Examples are The Spa, Fitness First, and Splash Island. Compared to other day spas, the price of Ace Water Spa is much cheaper, which only costs Php. 480. 00 for adults and Php. 240. 00 for children 4ft. and below, while on other spas, the rates ranges for about few thousand pesos. However, other spas are more private than Ace Water Spa, because Ace Water Spa is a resort-type spa where everyone has access to the pools, while other spas have individual rooms for every customer. Compared to water resorts, the price of Ace water Spa is more expensive. Like for instance, the rates of Splash Island on weekdays costs Php. 250. 00 for adults and Php. 200. 00 for children. During holidays and weekends, their rates cost Php. 325. 00 for adults and Php. 250. 00 for children. On the other hand, water resorts only cater aqua thrills, adventure, and fun while Ace Water Spa offers massage services. Compared to fitness clubs and gyms, they focus on developing health and fitness. They have different exercise studios, machines and equipments, and personal training. Nevertheless, Ace Water Spa focuses on developing overall well-being through a variety of services. Ace Water Spa has been profitable on its first two years of operation. It has successfully differentiated itself from other day spas, fitness clubs, and water resorts. But since it is a resort-type spa, there have been negative comments regarding the convenience of customers. The place can sometimes be too crowded which results into uncomfortably experience of the customer. Although high traffic would be an advantage to Ace Water Spa, due to the means of high profitable margin, they must also balance profitability and customer satisfaction.

About The Penan Tribe Architecture Essay

The reappraisal that I would wish to do among the 5 folks that acted by the Bruce Parry is the Penan folk. First of all, I would wish to present briefly about the character of Bruce Parry. Bruce Parry is an militant that venture into the most distant country of Sarawak province in Malayan Borneo. He believes that the lone ways to cognize more about the civilization anthropology and cognition for a folk is to hold a participant observation in his fieldwork. Participant observations mean that life within a given civilization for an drawn-out period of clip, and take portion in its cultural day-to-day life in all its profusion and diverseness. The Penan is a mobile native that roved on the land of Sarawak Borneo and some other parts on Brunei Bandar Seri Begawan. Nowadays, the figure of Penan had officially stated approximate to 10,000 people and around 350-500 of them are mobile that scattered over Ulu Baram, Limbang, Tutoh and Lawas of Sarawak.( Figures retrieved from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.survival-international.org )The present Penans are consisted with settled, semi-nomadic and entire mobile communities that to the full depend on the wood merchandises. In Penan society, the indigens are extremely developed in an classless society and small gender division. It means that the societal stratification among the adult male and adult females are about equal. For case, the adult male and adult females shared most of the jobs among them. Such as, garnering the forest merchandise and extracted sago from the sago thenar, but they are still some portion of jobs that dominated by male, for illustration, runing in the wood. Penan is a group of native that practiced the rite of â€Å" Molong † which means that â€Å" ne'er take more than necessary. † The bulk of the Penan indigens are work as mobile hunter-gatherers. The mobile Penan normally moves in group that consisted about 40 people included kids and old people. They do non stayed for a long clip in a peculiar topographic point. The period of clip that they stay is depend on the resources at the topographic point that they stayed and when the resources became fewer, they will take other suited topographic points and moved once more. The mobile Penan indigen that lived in the wood was really much depending on their traditional diet-Sago that amylum from the Sago thenar. Once, the Sago thenars are matured and to the full grown, the sago thenar trees will be cut down. The leader of the roll uping sago thenar will do certain an sum of sago starched is adequate for each household and kept adequately for their supply. After that no more sago thenar will be chop down until they are ran out of nutrient. Besides that, the Penan indigen besides preys on wild animate beings like wild Sus scrofas, mouse cervid and monkeys. The huntsmans Hunt by utilizing a blowtube, made with the Belian wood and carved out with a bone drill. The toxicant darts that they used are made from the sago thenar ‘s tree bark and on its tip ; the Penan dipped it with sort of powerful toxicant latex that extracted from a tree from the wood. However, the Penan indigens besides cultivate the planting of Paddy and domestic animate being genteelnes s for their ain nutrients non for gross revenues. Furthermore, I would wish to discourse briefly about the Penan civilization alteration, the mobile Penan move in groups and they have their ain kin districts, the groups are consisted of a household of five or six members and some household even consisted of 30 people. The mobile Penan will go forth their oldselap( huts ) and travel to another sphere of wood when their sago supplies are exhausted. The Penan indigens ‘ ownerships are few and everything is carried in simple with a strong back packs made from Calamus rotang. Selap are made from thick poles tied together with rattan strips. Every household has one hut for life and a smaller 1 for kiping. The bulk of the roofs are tarpaulins and there are rarely roof made by elephantine thenar leaves. The floors are four pess off the land and above a fireplace of clay are two wooden racks for hive awaying cookery equipment and drying fire wood. In the facet of stuff civilizations, merely Penan seniors frock in anything coming traditional frock, with â€Å" chawats † ( loin fabrics ) , bands on their legs and carpuss and big holes in their ear lobes. Presents, the Penan indigens are doing the tattoos by themselves which is about like prison tattoos. Merely few Penan now go in barefoot, most of them are have oning cheap, plastic football boots with rounded he-man to protect their pess. In add-on, I would wish to discourse about the arms that are used for runing. For illustration the Penan ‘s blowtubes, which calledkeleput, are about 6 pess long and made from one solid piece of Fe wood in approximately 2 hebdomads. The hole is made utilizing a long metal saloon with a screwdriver-like tip, which is merely driven into the wood and turned, over and over, so construct a gigue for it. Then, attached to the terminal of the blowtube is a metal spear caput, attached with Calamus rotang and rubber-like rosin. This is used for killing big hurt animate beings and offers protection from wild animals. The much shorter blowtubes are sometimes made for runing at close scope in dense wood. Another arm used for hunting is poison darts. The procedure of doing the Penan toxicant darts is cutting off the bark of the tajem tree to pull out milklike latex that is warmed over a fire to bring forth the toxicant. Tajem interferes with the operation of the bosom, doing deadly arrhythm ias. Blowpipe darts are made from palm fronds with a lightweight stopper to do an airtight seal. Darts with metal tips ( cut from Sn tins ) are used for large game like cervid and bearded hog, whilst those for little game are merely sharpened before being dipped into toxicant. The last arm used by Penan huntsmans is knives. The Penan huntsmans are transporting two knives. The first knife is called apoeh, is big and machete-like and used often. The 2nd knife is called darhad which is much smaller knife and is used for cutting meat, paring blowtube darts and all right work. Both knives are carried close together in separate sheathes, sometimes wooden, now frequently plastic. Besides that, in the facet of faith believe for Penan indigen, the Penan have been change overing their animism belief to Christianity since in the 1930s. Harmonizing to the functionalist Emile Durkheim,â€Å" faith is a incorporate system of beliefs and patterns relative to sacred things, that is to state, things set apart and out beliefs and pattern which unite into one individual moral community called a Church, all those who adhere to them. †( Robert Van Krieken, Daphne Habibis, Philip Smith, Brett Hutchins, Michael Haralambos, Martin Holborn, 2006, page 390 ) However, some of the Penan indigen still holding a strong believe in myths and liquors. The Penan leaders still pattern the rite of blood treaties with neighbouring folk when making the political understanding. The rite of blood treaties was believed that anyone who breach of this treaty will do to purging of blood and a violent decease. Furthermore, in the facet of economic for Penan native, most of the Penan are work as a huntsman gatherer in wood and selling the chief resource of the wood which is sago. The economic system can be defined as a system of production, distribution, and ingestion of resources, including the cultural belief that supports economic procedures. During the colonial times, the British authorities will set up trading missions calledtamunear to the woods of the Penan to offered forest merchandises likedammar( now used in eco-paints ) , rattan mats and baskets, rhino horn,gaharuwood ( or eagle-wood ) , wild gum elastic, monkey bilestones ( for Chinese medical specialty ) , measures of hornbills, and cervid antlers. These points were traded for fabricating goods like knives, cooking pots and scatterguns. None of these forest merchandises are now abundant, but many Penans will sell surplus meat to logging cantonments. The Penan indigen besides sold the high quality gaharu from gaharu tree but tha t can take old ages to roll up. Gaharu is used as incense, for medicative and spiritual intents, and as a aroma in the Middle East states. For the division of labour for Penan, the adult male will ever travel for hunting and the adult female will by and large garner the sago from the sago thenar tree and make the house chores. The form of economic subsistence for Penan indigen is scrounging. They are scrounging in groups for wild workss and runing for wild animate beings like wild Sus scrofas and mouse cervid.

The Representation of Youth Tribes and Subcultures in the Cinema of John Hughes

In this research essay I expect to find that the use of youth tribes and subcultures can clearly be identified in mid-80s comedy-dramas; particularly in those written, produced and directed by John Hughes. The primary texts I will be analysing are The Breakfast Club, Ferris Bueller’s Day Off and Weird Science. I have selected these texts as they are few of many that represent young people in an oppositional approach compared to the dominant ideologies of society at that time.I will be using Paul Hodkinson’s Youth Cultures: Scenes, Subcultures and Tribes and Stuart Hall’s Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices as secondary sources to inform this essay. I will also be looking at how teenagers have been represented in other media texts such as Grease and the American Pie sequel. The term â€Å"representation† can be defined as to how the language of media and its conventions are used to represent certain people and objects to the te xt’s targeted audience. Stuart Hall states in his book Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices that his definition of representation is:â€Å"To put it briefly, representation is the production of meaning through language†. Hall, (p. 16). Since the film industry blossomed it has been dominated by many ideologies as to what is ‘acceptable’ and what can be perceived as taboo; these theories also suggest how people should be represented. For example, theorist Vladimir Propp proposed that there are eight main characters to a film, stating that the woman is the passive â€Å"damsel-in-distress†. In Propp's book Morphology of the Folktale it is stated that the children who are interested in the fairy-tale genre, they apply their personalities with the character they feel most connected with:â€Å"Presumably, the kinds of choices made by a child might be related to his personality. For example, does a little boy select a female d onor figure to aid him against a male villain? Does a little girl select a male donor figure to assist her against her wicked stepmother? † Propp, (p. 10). However due to the numerous revelations, character ideologies have been adapted and have proven that the damsel can be subverted into the protagonist of a story and, more often than not, the antagonist; in particular, the ‘evil stepmother'.The genre of comedy-dramas came of age in the late 70s with romances and teenage dramas; however the genre was suddenly exemplified in the 80s by director John Hughes along with the infamous ‘brat pack’ of the era. In comedy-dramas the narrative normally includes tropes such as ‘the guy gets the girl’ with the help and guidance from his trusted sidekick who has to climb over the difficult obstacles of life and society. An iconic example of this trope can be seen in the late 70s classic musical Grease; where the boys in a gang are wearing leather jackets, th ey smoke, carry weapons and drive fast cars.As it quotes in Paul Hodkinson's Youth Cultures: Scenes, Subcultures and Tribes this was incredibly common for the transition from teenage years to adulthood: â€Å"Most obviously perhaps there has been the development of a series of legal classifications associated with different stages of youth, notably the age at which young people can vote, have sex, smoke cigarettes, drink alcohol and drive motorcars†. (p. 4). In comparison to the ‘girl gang’ of the film, where Olivia Newton-John’s character Sandy is wearing pastels throughout the movie, which connotes her virginal lifestyle.This is where John Hughes appends a proclaimed statement that all teenagers are in some way the same and are based in stereotypes which make them similar, which is why I have chosen to analyse the films The Breakfast Club, Ferris Bueller’s Day Off and Weird Science due to the fact that the main characters are all teenagers and the trilogy of films show the representation of youth tribes in a clear, semantic perspective that states that however a teenager may present themselves, they are all in some particular way the same.In the first chapter of the book Stereotypes and Stereotyping by C. Neil MacRae et al they state that stereotypes only exist in someone’s point of view: â€Å"This type of thought process reflects the most traditional conceptualization of stereotypes within social psychology, in which stereotypes are considered to be the â€Å"pictures in the head† of individuals looking out into their social words. But stereotypes also exist from the point of view of the person who is being stereotyped†. (p. 3)The Breakfast Club (1985) is a unique film, in the genre of teen comedies, because it focuses on the stereotype and probes deeper into the issue of ‘why they are the way they are’. This is a contrary to the teen comedy genre because most of such movies will defend st ereotypes of many forms, including sexuality and race. This can be seen in films such as American Pie and Not Another Teen Movie; the latter of which was effective in battling stereotypes by reinforcing them and therefore turning them into paradoxes. However, The Breakfast Club battles contemporary stereotypes differently.Each character has a personal problem that, seemingly, led to the way they act in public. Bender, being a rebel, retells how he is abused by his father. Such abuse can create a level of apathy about life, but Clark (a victim of a different kind of abuse) goes on to assume it is all â€Å"for show†. One can quickly see that the film not only addresses stereotypes, but it challenges them by showing that each student has an assumption about the other. By the end, everyone acknowledges that their colleagues are more rounded and individual than they initially thought, but agree that they are different.Johnson writes to the principal that they learned they all con tained some form of each stereotype and finished the essay with this following quote: â€Å"You see us as you want to see us: in the simplest terms, in the most convenient definitions. But, what we found out is that each one of us is a brain, and an athlete, and a basket case, and a princess and a criminal. Does that answer your question? † (The Breakfast Club, 1985). In 1990, Hughes directed a film that changed the traditional family’s Christmas’ dramatically.Home Alone, starring Macauly Culkin, was the beginning of one the most noticeable and well-known series in filmmaking and sticking to comedy-dramas, Hughes includes two robbers who act as the antagonists. However, he also included a subversion of intelligence between the 8 year old Kevin McAllister and the two inseparable robbers. Hughes portrays the child to be an intelligent, smart boy who sets his house with childish pranks as obstacles for the robbers to come across. However the adult burglars are repr esented as complete idiots and fall for each trap.The sharp direction within this subversion of the characters has become a trope in the comedy-drama genre. John Hughes is a well-acknowledged film director, producer and writer who has created some of the most humorous and warm-hearted movies for a family -based cinematic entertaining experience; and it was his movie-making abilities that gained him the label ‘the king of teen comedy’. Every young character in each infamous John Hughes film have been represented as clever and witty and they can easily get away with more than any normal teenagers should; especially Matthew Broderick’s character of Ferris Bueller.This subversion of intelligence from Home Alone could be seen four years earlier in one of Hughes’ greatest creations: Ferris Bueller’s Day Off (1986). This film has been constructively criticised for its pure creativity and originality throughout the entire plot of the piece. Ferris Bueller a t the beginning of the film seems to just be a normal young man, who has the skill of faking an illness to skip school; however, he has an extraordinary amount of luck and whatever he plans for the day, it goes swiftly without questioning.Hughes has written the three main characters of Ferris Bueller, Cameron Frye and Sloane Peterson with individual, unique personalities. According to Pieter J. Fourie's: Media Studies, Volume 1: Media History, Media and Society, Levi-Strauss' theory of binary opposition can shape a person's identity: â€Å"Binary oppositions suggest that the meaning of something depends on its opposite: ‘good' is dependent on ‘bad'. Levi-Strauss' point of departure was that a collective practice of laws, rules and values direct the individual's thinking and behaviour.Furthermore, society's collective existence shapes the individual and determines his or her individuality. † (p. 249). Bueller is shown as a young man who knows everybody and wants to make the most of his life, whereas his pessimistic best friend, Frye, contrasts in personality as he seems to be living on his death bed due to his non-existent relationship with both parents. Peterson, however, is a beautiful young woman who has the reassurance of a motherly figure which can help provide Frye with the hope and faith that he needs.The subversion of intelligence is introduced into the film with the first sight of the Dean of Students, Edward Rooney. His determination to catch out Ferris on his ninth ‘sick day’ of the semester boils over his initial integrity and dignity, from getting spat in the face with Slush Puppie to being chased around the neighbourhood by the Bueller family’s pet Rottweiler. Rooney is represented as a teacher who has completely lost any glimpse of pride; leaving the three students roaming the streets of downtown Chicago with charm and comical wit.Art Silverblatt claims in his book Genre Studies in Mass Media: A Handbook tha t Ferris becomes a role model for everyone, even the adults: â€Å"Ferris’ nemesis, the school disciplinarian, Mr. Rooney, is obsessed with â€Å"getting Bueller†. His obsession emerges from envy. Strangely, Ferris serves as Rooney’s role model, as he clearly possesses the imagination and power that Rooney lacks†. (pp. 104-105). Weird Science (1985) was written and directed by John Hughes and stars one of the main members of the 80s ‘brat pack' Anthony Michael Hall who plays Gary Wallace, and Ilan Mitchell-Smith as Wyatt Donnelly.Another trademark characteristic that can be seen in numerous Hughes films is that the majority of them are set in the fictitious Chicago suburb of Shermer, Illinois. The first time the audience spots the two Science geeks in the film is when they're gawking at the girls gym class at school. They may be skinny, but Hughes didn't write them to have glasses or severe acne, as he didn't feel the need to classify the ‘gee ks' from the ‘jocks' as they caneasily be spotted without their stereotypical features; for example the geeks normally have their trousers hoisted up paste their waste, showing their ankles, whereas the jocks would have letterman jackets, be well built and structured but also be shown as a little bit dumb. However, what Hughes does, is write the characters in a way that any actor of the film could play that character, I believe that the semantic purpose of the film is to inform the audience that stereotypes only exist if the audience perceive them to be that stereotype; this means that everyone can be seen as the same without any judgement of their clothing or hairstyle.The end of the film supports my suggestion, as the two geeks get both of the jocks' girlfriends due to the help of their Barbie-doll 23 year old, computerised woman Lisa, played by Kelly LeBrock. In conclusion, the representation of youth tribes used within the cinema of John Hughes is trying to inform the audi ence that there are stereotypes, but they are only perceived via a person’s point of view.This perception of stereotypes creates space for characters to be represented within an archetype; which portrays them to be seen as the same, in a small, yet evidently noticeable way. The mid-80s opened up the possibilities for teen dramas and John Hughes created iconic role models using teenage adolescence for the young public viewers. According to Art Silverblatt’s Genre Studies in Mass Media: A Handbook, he claims: â€Å"By the 1980s, adolescence, even with its uncertainties, emerged as the centre of popular culture, with adulthood reduced to irrelevance†. (p. 105).