Bernard Bragg s Role Model - 956 Words

Bernard Bragg is a deaf individual who was a major player in making deaf performance theater come into the mainstream. In his life he managed to teach hundreds of students about performing, and touched countless others by these performances. He is an individual who not only had a major impact in the deaf community, but his actions also resonated in the hearing community just as loudly. Bragg was a founding member of the National Theater for the Deaf, and in the establishment of a new concept, he tore down barriers that had stood for ages. Bernard was born on September 27, 1928 in Brooklyn, New York to parents who were also deaf. Bernard’s first role model in life, much like many young men, was his father. The name of his father was â€Å"Wolf Bragg, who was a talented actor† (â€Å"Bernard Bragg†, 2007). Wolf was not a well know actor but was involved enough in the theater to cause Bernard to take a large interest in the matter. Bragg attended school at the New Y ork School for the Deaf, which is referred to as Fanwood by many members of the Deaf community (Evans, 2015). After completion of primary school Bragg continued his education at Gallaudet College, as it was known at the time, and studied theater. During his time at Gallaudet Bragg lead many different productions including â€Å"Molià ¨re’s The Mister, The Bourgeois Gentleman, and Tartuffe† (Evans, 2015). However, he did not only spend his time in productions of plays, he was also a highly awarded poet during

Treatment of Women in Society in a Midsummer Nights Dream

Treatment of Women in a Midsummer Night’s Dream The general treatment of women in ancient times such as the Elizabethan and the Ancient Greek era varied in great degrees from the treatment of women in the contemporary twenty-first century. In more ancient eras, women were generally viewed as men’s property and not as individual human beings. Women were not even allowed to choose their spouse. It was common that this type of arrangement was made by their family, and the determining factors were usually age, social status and wealth. In A Midsummer Night’s Dream Hermia jeopardizes the future of her entire family with the refusal of marriage to Demetrius and also goes drastically against the ruling society of her time. It was unthinkable for†¦show more content†¦Titania objects due to personal connections to the boy. This results in Oberon applying the juice to Titania’s eyes and hoping that the first thing she sees will be an abomination. Coincidently, there is a troop of actors in the area hoping to pe rform for a wedding. The play is entitled Pyramus and Thisbe, which is basically the ancient Greece version of Romeo and Juliet. During a scene Nick, the thespian portraying Pyramus, is waiting for his entrance. As Puck discovers this, he uses his powers to put an ass’ head on him. Coincidently the first thing she sees is a man with an ass’ head; Nick. The effect of the juice has it that she falls in love with him. Thus in the end, Oberon steals the child while she is doting over the ass head, yet in the end he supplies her with the antidote, which results in her believing that she dreamt the experience. In the end, she gives in to Oberon. With her first act Titania goes directly against Elizabethan society and refuses her husband’s demand; however, in the end she changes and fits back into the role which society during that time created for women. Queen Elizabeth began to bring about the reversal of the patriarchal society of her time by directly refusing the d emand to marry. William Shakespeare gives insight into the treatment of Women during Greek and Elizabethan times in A Midsummer Night’s Dream and also opens our minds to love relationships.Show MoreRelatedSociety in A Midsummer Night’s Dream by William Shakespeare1721 Words   |  7 Pagesable to manipulate his worlds to allow his audience to see everything from all sides. In A Midsummer Night’s Dream and discussed in â€Å"Jack shall have Jill;/Nought shall go ill† by Shirley Nelson Garner, in order for the world of men and patriarchal society and hierarchies to be secure and be well, the homoerotic relationships and relationships between women have to be subdued. Although A Midsummer Night’s Dream is a comedy, we can observe through important scenes what Shakespeare may imply when it comesRead MoreWomens Roles In Hermia And Juliet By Shakespeare1079 Words   |  5 PagesPatricia Patrick 9 October 2017 Not Your Choice, Woman! During Elizabeth times women had no control over their lives, personal decisions and future. Shakespeare does a great job challenging the typical stereotypes of female roles during the Elizabeth times. Despite the persistence of men trying to diminish women as and view them submissive and weaker. Through the characters of Hermia and Juliet Shakespeare portrays women as strong and independent willing to aggressively take control of their futureRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of August Strindberg s Play Miss Julie1706 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom Marx s Manifesto of the Communist Party, â€Å"The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles,† (Lermert 43). The second from Rockwood’s book The Craftsmen of Dionysus: An Approach to Acting, â€Å"An exact duplication of real life is not the purpose of the theatre—nor of any art. In order to present his special insight, the artist selects, heightens, distorts.† Concerned with the treatment of people based on their ascribed or achieved economic status, Marx spearheaded andRead MoreMale Dominance in a Midsummers Night Dream1304 Words   |  6 PagesMidsummer’s Night Dream. Almost in every play of Shakespeare we can see the dominance of males over women. In his plays women have no right to say what they think or what they want. They are always expected to be faithful to their fathers and husbands. They don’t have any freedom about their lives. However we know that this attitude of men against women in Shakespeare’s plays is a reflection of Renaissance society. We can see the most remarkable examples of male dominance in A Midsummer Night’s DreamRead MoreA Midsummer Nights Dream By William Shakespeare1773 Words   |  8 Pagesrepresent how they are either fickle and faithful allows us as a reader to figure it out at our own accord. Theseus can be described as faithful but with elements of fickle, character within A Midsummer Nights dream. It has been said by Shirley Nelson Garner, a critic that â€Å"Theseus remains a ‘lover-and-leaver of women’, who having abducted Hippolyta, naturally sympathises with Egues’ desire to force Hermia into marriage with Demetrius†. It is clear to the audience that Theseus wishes to love and respectRead MoreA Midsummer Night s Dream Essay1664 Words   |  7 PagesIn A Midsummer Night’s Dream, one of the most poignant similes occurs when Theseus advises Hermia that she should yield to her father’s wishes because she is his creation, a figure in wax, and he has the power to command her, mold her, or destroy her at will (MND I.I.49-51). In Athenian society, a woman is expected to yield control of her life to men and to allow them to mold her affections to their will. The simile of a woman as a wax figure suggest that the only resolution to co nflict is for theRead Morethe plot of Dr. Faustus.2865 Words   |  12 PagesFaustus body, torn to pieces. Epilogue. The Chorus emphasizes that Faustus is gone, his once-great potential wasted. The Chorus warns the audience to remember his fall, and the lessons it offers. A Midsummer Nights Dream Summary HYPERLINK http//www.gradesaver.com/midsummer-nights-dream/ A Midsummer Nights Dream takes place in Athens. HYPERLINK http//www.gradesaver.com/character.htmlcharacter3526 Theseus, the Duke of Athens, is planning his marriage with HYPERLINK http//www.gradesaver.com/character.htmlcharacter3527Read MoreTransgressing Prescribed Gender Roles in Shakespeare Essay1502 Words   |  7 Pagesserious nature of gender and identity, while also adding to the comic relief of the play through the use of dramatic irony. The serious potential of transgressing gender roles is explored through Rosalinds ability to subvert the limitations that society imposes on her as a woman (Howard 221) and gain power through masculine identity. Her transgressing of gender boundaries permits her to escape the restrictive system of male patriarchy that is Duke Fredericks reign, take control of her destiny,Read MoreContext Taming of the Shrew1767 Words   |  8 PagesThe Taming of the Shrew is one of Shakespeare’s earliest comedies, and it shares many essential characteristics with his other romantic comedies, such as Much Ado About Nothing and A Midsummer Night’s Dream. These characteristics include light-hearted and slapstick humor, disguises and deception, and a happy ending in which most of the characters come out satisfied. The light-heartedness of these romantic comedies contrasts sharply with the darker humor and deeper characterization of Shakespeare’sRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Mids ummer Night s Dream, And Twelfth Night2381 Words   |  10 Pagesand Juliet, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, and Twelfth Night. Although he has been dead for 400 years, these pieces are still being read and analyzed under scrutiny today. One of the plays that seems to get the most attention is Hamlet. Much of the diction uses double entendre which causes much dispute among critics, and because of this there have been many elements of this play that have been put under a very fine microscope. One of these is the main male characters’ treatment of the women in the play

Healthcare Principles Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Primary Healthcare Nursing Principles. Answer: Primary healthcare (PHC) is essential healthcare which is based on sound scientific and socially suitable processes and technology. These factors are formulated in a way that makes healthcare acceptable to all communities, families and individuals. PHC therefore is the approach to healthcare that focuses much on health equity in socially acceptable ways. This is considered as the cornerstone of general health systems (Barnett et al., 2012). The following are principles of primary healthcare and their application in the setting of a rural nurse (role). Rural nurses give healthcare services in remote areas (isolated) where the patients suffer limited access to Medicare facilities. Typically, they work in labor and delivery, trauma, critical care nursing units and they also carry out usual nursing duties e.g. caring for inured and sick patients. In some cases the rural nurses could be primary care providers to the whole community. This might turn out to be rewarding in the sense that most times the patients will be family members, neighbors, close friends and generally familiar people. The rural nurses therefore will treat patients ailing common acute illnesses, those with chronic conditions and educate the rural community on health and wellness (Mason, 2012). Rural nurses go through the hardship of balancing between cost and quality, conflicting agendas presentation dealing with many stake holders and dealing with everyday pressure and stress (Nsemo et al., 2013). On top of all this they need to ensure that the most effective and efficient individualized compassionate care is given to clients who comprise of family and friends all the time. There are keys to succeeding as a rural nurse includes: a comprehensive success system; a success toolkit; complete comprehension of the rural nurses roles and application of best practices. Their top goal is to deliver high quality nursing care, coordinate and supervise the healthcare environment in the rural areas (Barnette et al., 2012). The rural nurse role is applied in relation to the principles of primary healthcare elaborated as follows. Accessibility It is concerned with making sure that care services (primary) are affordable, available and equally provided to all individuals not regardless of the location, ethnic group, age or gender (Bramble et al., 2013). Compassionate and comprehensive community centered care should be accessible to all individuals. The rural nurse should be conversant with the community surrounding their Medicare facility to be able to know their social economic needs. This determines the patients access to healthcare facilities either influenced by transportation or healthcare costs. By doing this the rural nurse will be able to subsidize healthcare through government interventions or even provide patients means of transport e.g. Ambulances. The rural nurse also takes into account the communitys culture to ensure delivery of culture appropriate care so as not to push away patients with cultural differences and believes (Mason, 2012). They ensure the staff shuns away from tribalism and treats all their patients with equality. Health promotion Maybe done through helping people through strengthening of their social economic conditions that contributes to good health. The prerequisites of good health are food, education, shelter, income, peace, social justice and sustainable resources. Therefore its a believe that treating a person involves considering where and how they live and the challenges they face in their everyday life (Easom et al., 2012). Health promotion can be in terms of orientation that includes individual perspective where people are helped to make health decisions, holistic orientation, engage in health promotion activities and health care that is client focused (Abdulraheem et al., 2012). The rural nurses provide psychological support, collaboration with patients, enabling participation of patients and nurse patient communication. They do this through carrying out voluntary work in the community and collaboration with professionals in the community. They do this through churches, visits to schools and organize door to door campaigns in rural areas. Mostly vaccinations are done door to door with the help of communitys governance e.g. Chiefs along with clan elders. It also involves public health orientation that deals with disease prevention; focus is put on diagnosis and physical health and helping chronic disease patients. It also deals with authoritative approach that is, traditional health education, giving patients information and changing individuals behavior. The rural nurse organizes and oversees all these activities (Easom et al, 2012). Communication is the most important skill; it involves maintaining interaction with patients and having good relationship skills. In addition they should be aware of existing cultural aspects of health and how economics influences peoples health. Appropriate use of technology This includes using affordable, culturally acceptable and feasible medical technologies to community and individuals. It required integration of modern technology to ensure efficient and effective service delivery. While majority of the people believe that technological improvements will increase the safety, quality and efficiency of healthcare at low costs, some people consider some technologies as the result of errors and adverse effects in Medicare (Phillips et al., 2012). As much as technology holds much promise to improved Medicare, a few problems, practitioner or device related are inevitable. Therefore in the delivery of care and use of technology, rural nurses should be able to put in place systems to eliminate these errors, teach the stuff about patient safety at all times and help to avoid adverse events. Technology has been often described as both part of the solution and also part of the problem. Problems emerging from sheer volume of new introduction of devices should be the rural nurses responsibility. The nurse should pay attention to new technology implementation and monitor its integration in the healthcare environment in rural areas. Technology in its broadness also involves some paper based tool and clinical protocols in addition to devices such as syringes and catheters (Pimmer et al., 2014). The rural nurse thus moderates and mediates factors that affect technology use to patients and other practitioners in rural areas. The nurse can also capitalize on technology to make mobile healthcare services a one stop healthcare service delivery system to access the very deep interior areas. Public participation This involves addressing problems (health) from the roots (rural areas) by using all community resources. This helps the community to take ownership in its peoples health and wellness. Rural nurses play a big role in promotion of public health. Traditionally nurses focused on changing individuals behavior in relation to their health and disease prevention (Muth et al., 2014). Nurses experience and multidisciplinary knowledge has made their role as promoters complex. Health promotions lead to numerous positive outcomes such as patients knowledge about their illnesses, improved quality of life and self management (Esther Thatcher Eunhee Park, 2012). Rural nurses ensure public participation through involving the rural people in deciding how to carry out vaccinations, days and time when they are comfortable to receive vaccinations so that people are not left out. And in so doing they feel that they are part of the program thus supporting it. The rural nurses can also organize health camps where people come and receive free medical advice and care. This could help to reach many people (Nsemo et al., 2013). However, nurses have not been influenced by practical practices of health promotion due to adaptation of individualistic approach and behavior changing perspective (Nancarrow et al., 2013). Rural nurses therefore should be focused to ways of redirecting nurse education towards health promotion principles away from being only disease oriented. Integration of the challenges of delivering healthcare in rural areas should be studied in school to prepare nursing students for that kind of experience. Intersectoral collaboration It should be recognized that well being of peoples health is not solely dependent on healthcare services that are effective. Other organizations, businesses and governments are of equal importance in promoting a peoples health and self dependence (Newhouse et al., 2013). The definition of health according to the World Health Organization is a state of complete mental, physical and social wellbeing. There are broad aspects of wellbeing that a single sector (health) can handle alone. This calls for a variety of inputs from many sectors. Taking an example, the education sector improves literacy, technology and industrial sectors develop appropriate technology and poverty reduction is an initiative of economic and strategic planning sectors (Visagie Schneider, 2014). School health programs improve childrens well being, therefore reducing absenteeism and improving learning in the long run. Rural nurses collaborate with school administrations to create time for the nurses to visit schools and give students lectures about health living, importance of healthcare and also use this opportunities to announce vaccination dates so that many people can become aware. They also visit women organizations and enlighten them about health issues facing women e.g., home deliveries risks and importance of immunizing their newborns. Collaboration between all sectors is healthy for the improvement of the patients and societies well being. The rural nurse should facilitate the collaboration where required (Abdulraheem et al., 2012). In sum, primary healthcare acknowledges that healthcare is not short term intervention but a continuous process of improving the lives of people especially in grass root areas. This also includes alleviating their social economic conditions that result to poor health. With all this interventions and rural nurse practice, excellent healthcare service delivery will be achieved. References Abdulraheem, B. I., Olapipo, A. R., Amodu, M. O. (2012). Primary health care services in Nigeria: Critical issues and strategies for enhancing the use by the rural communities. Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology, 4(1), 5-13. Barnett, K., Mercer, S. W., Norbury, M., Watt, G., Wyke, S., Guthrie, B. (2012). Epidemiology of multimorbidity and implications for health care, research, and medical education: a cross-sectional study. The Lancet, 380(9836), 37-43. Bramble, J. D., Abbott, A. A., Fuji, K. T., Paschal, K. A., Siracuse, M. V., Galt, K. (2013). Patient Safety Perspectives of Providers and Nurses: The Experience of a Rural Ambulatory Care Practice Using an EHR With E?prescribing. The Journal of Rural Health, 29(4), 383-391. Easom, L. R., Quinn, M. E. (2012). Rural elderly caregivers: Exploring folk home remedy use and health promotion activities. Online Journal of Rural Nursing and Health Care, 6(1), 32-46. Esther Thatcher MSN, R. N., Eunhee Park BSN, R. N. (2012). Evolving public health nursing roles: focus on community participatory health promotion and prevention. Online journal of issues in nursing, 17(2), B1. Mason, W. A. (2012). Oregon's economic crisis and the national nursing shortage: a transformational opportunity for rural areas. Online Journal of Rural Nursing and Health Care, 4(1), 64-74. Muth, C., van den Akker, M., Blom, J. W., Mallen, C. D., Rochon, J., Schellevis, F. G., ... Perera, R. (2014). The Ariadne principles: how to handle multimorbidity in primary care consultations. BMC medicine, 12(1), 223. Nancarrow, S. A., Booth, A., Ariss, S., Smith, T., Enderby, P., Roots, A. (2013). Ten principles of good interdisciplinary team work. Human resources for Health, 11(1), 19. Newhouse, R. P., Himmelfarb, C. D., Morlock, L., Frick, K. D., Pronovost, P., Liang, Y. (2013). A phased cluster-randomized trial of rural hospitals testing a quality collaborative to improve heart failure care: organizational context matters. Medical care, 51(5), 396-403. Phillips, J. L., Piza, M., Ingham, J. (2012). Continuing professional development programmes for rural nurses involved in palliative care delivery: an integrative review. Nurse education today, 32(4), 385-392. Pimmer, C., Brysiewicz, P., Linxen, S., Walters, F., Chipps, J., Grhbiel, U. (2014). Informal mobile learning in nurse education and practice in remote areasA case study from rural South Africa. Nurse education today, 34(11), 1398-1404. Visagie, S., Schneider, M. (2014). Implementation of the principles of primary health care in a rural area of South Africa. African journal of primary health care family medicine, 6(1), 1-10.

Importance of Career and Goals-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the the Importance of Career and Goals after the Completion of Post Graduation. Answer: Introduction After the post graduation, the students like me can suffer from dilemma as if which career is to choose and how to get settled in life. However, becoming a kitchen Manager is considered to be one of the fruitful goals who are well acquainted with the workings of the Kitchen (Solberg et al. 2012). Student can study Hotel Management and pursue this career goal as an important one. For the career set up, proper training is necessary so that the students accordingly achieve some guidance, so that it becomes helpful for them to set objectives in life (Solberg et al. 2012). I am looking forward to become a Kitchen manager after my post- graduation degree. To understand the importance of being a Kitchen Manager, it is significant to understand how this can be achieved. The responsibility of a Kitchen manager incorporates the overall operations of the area of the Kitchen in a restaurant. Against this scenario, it is important to identify the careers and objectives of the aim and the goals ar e needed to be set up in order to achieve the profession (Gysbers 2013). Perfect job and career After doing the graduation, the students are as already mentioned suffer from dilemma that the courses that they are going to take after the completion of their certain degrees (Neal et al 2012). However, I who has knack for cooking or managing Kitchen can transform this passion to career. Therefore, to say what is the job description of the Kitchen Manager? The Kitchen Managers responsibility to look after the operations for the back of the house and also supervise the area of the kitchen in a restaurant (Walker 2016). The Kitchen manager also hires staff, purchase the food and stock and also ensure that whoever engaged in the kitchen work is properly trained and can manage the other techniques of the kitchen. It is also the responsibility of the manager of the Kitchen to look that the companys prestige and reputation is fine (Walker 2016). Therefore, the manager plays a significant role to make sure that the look and presentation of the food is good and well arranged and also to ma ke sure that the Kitchen area is cleaned on a regular basis. The manager does make sure that the leftover food disposed properly and the kitchen is meeting the standards of sanitary. I would like to become a Kitchen manager because other than having knack for managing kitchen, I have also developed the skills of problem solving and decision making. I have the capability to manage my co employees and cooperate with them. To become a Kitchen Manager there are other certain functions which are needed to follow. Therefore, this includes, the working of the Kitchen manager. He also make sure to go through the books through keeping the tabs on the cost of the food, employees and the managers through the management also keep his level best in order to make its profit optimize for the company and also make sure that they make the dining experience proper and arranged (Coleman 2013). Therefore, the Kitchen manager is bestowed with many responsibilities and the proper management can bring success to the development of the Kitchen area, would attract customers more and make the companys prestige to go high. Management is a skill and if pursued properly, it can take someone to reach a better goal in life. It has been estimated that the manager of the kitchen make at least $24 per hour or $49000 per year, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) (Coleman 2013; Jin 2013). The different companies provide different posts and if it fits the requirements of the Kitchen managers (See Appendix: A). Career in Guzmany Y Gomez To become a Kitchen Manager, a bachelors degree in the management of the food service is not required. Once they get hired, the chains of the restaurants make managers ready through the intense programs which incorporate the real kitchen and the classroom experiences. Certification is available for this course. I am looking forward to settle down in the restaurant name Guzman Y Gomez where the scope of higher as they want someone as an Assistant Kitchen manager with a good scope of Salary. The company also gained competitive advantages in the competitive market and therefore, they are looking forward to take someone who can best fit their services with a good quality leadership. Careers, Career management and Career success Career is the goal of life that I want to achieve through the completion of becoming a Kitchen manager. To achieve this particular career, the need of self-assessing myself, then the goals are needed to be checked and according the plans are needed to set out in actions. After I judged myself that I am perfect for this career and accordingly if the action plan that I have considered are implemented properly then it will lead to the success of my career. Therefore, the career management and success in necessary to build proper ideals about the goals that I want to achieve. The Job Skills Providing service to the customer by waging interaction with them. Showing a friendly and being courteous which would keep the customers attached with the hotel and they would look forward to come back. I need to keep eyes on the lot of intricate elements which includes the standards of food, safety and cost of the food. I as a manager must act as a leader in the back house leading the team during the huge shifts, trying to manage conflicts if taking place between the employees in the kitchen area and the manager as a leader do make sure that the job is done properly. The management skills acquired by Kitchen Manager not only deals with the food but also deals with the cost price, creates a number of work schedules and also make sure that the work is done properly on time. The management skills are the part of the leadership qualities and it should be implemented properly, which I have. The Kitchen manager always take responsibility to do shipments, clean the schedules and create more and becomes more organized while doing a crucial job. The kitchen manager has the skills of problem solving which incorporates dealing with the conflicts between the employees and also must have the capacity to come with the solution more quickly. I must be accurate and easily meet the standards and could also communicate the necessary ideas to the people who are working under him. In this way the manager can show his leadership skills by managing the environment of the kitchen and keeping the reputation of the company high. Recognition Primed Decision The Kitchen managers spend longer days around cooking hot food which is more of it on the feet. I have all the relevant skills to implement and I am quite confident about it. The most important skill that I acquired is the Problem Solving decision with my employees and understands their emotions while they are working with me. The much needed cooperation with them is needed in this particular career. By following the model of Recognition Primed Decision I have the capability to solve the problems. According to this model, the decision maker generates a course of action by comparing to the constraints imposed by the circumstances and situations. For example : If I judge a decision, it is important to identify the problem solving course and secondly, to judge the actions that I would take in order to solve the problem in a company (Zsambok 2014). (Figure: Recognition Primed Decision) (Zsambok 2014). Goals setting or motivation theory There are three goals of Motivation which includes Taylors Theory of Scientific Management, Mayos theory of Human Relations and Maslow and Herzbergs theory of Human Needs. These include the motivation of the worker and sense of cooperation with the employees . The Goal setting theory is the effects of setting goals on the subsequent performance. Edwin Locke proposed the five important principles of the setting of the goals and it includes clarity, challenge, feedback, commitment and the completion of the task (Locke 2013). Clarity: I need to make a measurable and a clear goal is needed to be set out and it does require a particular framework of time to achieve it. If one wants to be a kitchen manager, he needs to set that target clearly with both short and long term goals which has to be measurable. Challenges: Goals are met with numerous challenges and difficulties. Commitment: A kitchen manager, if I become, must be committed to the goals which involve the commitment to the services of the customer, employee contributions and program recognition (Locke 2013). Feedback: A feedback needs to be set up which would provide push to the development of ones performances. Completion of task: The Kitchen manger needs to make sure that even if the task is difficult to complete, he keeps on working on the gaps and make sure that the task is being completed in time. Firstly, I need to take a concrete step to make the goals enhancing. The Short time goals for the me would be joining as an Assistant team manager who would look after the meeting the standard of the safety of food and the quality to make sure that the guest experience is doing fine (Northhouse 2015). I learn from his senior in terms of the development of the staffs, profitability and also ticket times. The Assistant Kitchen manager must make the staffs to be accountable for the performances and make sure that the staff is well secured in the environment (Northhouse 2015; Walker 2015). In the long term goals, The Assistant manager must prove his efficiency to the company and can take over the post of the Kitchen manager. This road to take the path of the Kitchen manager must include proper planning, efficiency and proper handling of the customers and staffs (Wang and Tsai 2014). Then in next 10 years The post can of Sr. Kitchen manager who has gained more experiences with time and can also assist the Restaurant manager with the working of the administration. Then in the next 15-20 years, the post of Restaurant Manager can be achieved. This all together set the career goal and these goals are needed to be draft properly in order to ensure oneself about the future vision and prospect (See Appendix: B). Conclusion To conclude it could be stated that the post of the Kitchen manager is one of the lucrative posts and to achieve the post, I need to work hard and make sure whatever they achieve, it meets their goals and challenges. The challenges will be there but it is up to me to make a greater selection of their goals and start working upon it until their meet those goals. To achieve this, a plan needs to set out and make sure that the goals are achieved smoothly and properly. References Coleman, E., Delea, K., Everstine, K., Reimann, D., Ripley, D. and Environmental Health Specialists Network Working Group, 2013. Handling practices of fresh leafy greens in restaurants: receiving and training.Journal of food protection,76(12), pp.2126-2131. Gysbers, N.C., 2013. Career?ready students: A goal of comprehensive school counseling programs.The Career Development Quarterly,61(3), pp.283-288. Jin-Woo, J., 2013. A study on the effects of a hotel kitchen manager's ethical leadership on leader-member exchange and organizational citizenship behavior.Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Studies,15(2), pp.232-249. Locke, E.A. and Latham, G.P., 2013. Goal setting theory, 1990.New developments in goal setting and task performance, pp.3-15. Neal, J.A., Binkley, M. and Henroid, D., 2012. Assessing factors contributing to food safety culture in retail food establishments.Food Prot Trends,32(8), pp.468-76. Northouse, P.G., 2015.Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Solberg, V.S., Phelps, L.A., Haakenson, K.A., Durham, J.F. and Timmons, J., 2012. The nature and use of individualized learning plans as a promising career intervention strategy.Journal of Career Development,39(6), pp.500-514. Walker, J.R., 2015.Exploring the Hospitality Industry, 2/e. Pearson Education India. Walker, J.R., 2016.Introduction to hospitality. Pearson Higher Ed. Wang, Y.F. and Tsai, C.T., 2014. Employability of hospitality graduates: Student and industry perspectives.Journal of Hospitality Tourism Education,26(3), pp.125-135. Zsambok, C.E., 2014.Naturalistic decision making. Psychology Press.

The History Of Baseball Cards Essays - Trading Cards, Baseball Cards

The History of Baseball Cards Baseball cards have a very broad history. In the beginning, god made man. Then, man produced........ the baseball card. From 1887 to the present, billions of baseball cards have been produced. Some cards are valued at ten cents, while others, are valued at over one hundred thousand dollars. Since 1887, Baseball cards have been a major part of many people's lives. The Beginning of the baseball card collecting era would lead cards to a path of greatness and immortality. The first baseball cards were made of a cloth like material. Many of these cards were "home made" (SCD)*. No one but the creator of these cards, (there all dead) knows for sure what exactly was used to produce these early cards. This time period started on 1887 and continued on until 1901. The 1887 baseball cards were part of a unique set. Not only did this set contain baseball cards, but it also contained boxing. golf, and horse racing cards. These cards are very high in value because of their rarity and because they are some of the early baseball cards. The common card is worth around $800. All of these cards are common, considering that there were no star athletes back then. There were not many cards sizes during this time period. The only size that I could find was one and a half inches by two inches. There were many company's that manufactured cards during this time period. They were: Mayo Tobacco Works, Buchner, Kimball's, Old Judge, Allen & Ginter, and Goodwin (SCD). These cards are rare, but are not very difficult to obtain if you're willing to pay top dollar. What many collectors call "the golden years of baseball", took place from 1902 until 1935. One reason that collectors call this time period that is because cards took many different changes during this era. Cards were starting to be packaged with Chewing Tobacco, crackerjacks, and Chewing gum. The value of cards during this time period depends on many different factors. A large percent of these cards have misprints (flaws). Because of these misprints, a card may have a higher value than the exact same card because of a misprint. The reason there were so many misprints was because the card industry was just starting to experiment with the printing process (SCD). The most expensive baseball card of all time was produced during this era. That card was the Honus Wagner T-206 produced in 1909. The reason that this card is so expensive is because only 4 of these cards were ever produced. Honus Wagner didn't want kids buying tobacco for the Baseball cards. One of the Wagners sold at an auction recently for 451,500 to Wayne Gretzky (SCD). There were three main sizes of baseball cards during this time period. One of the sizes was the "tobacco" size cards. These cards were one and a half inches by two inches. The second card size was a rectangular sheet of three cards. These were about two inches by five and one fourth inches. The third and final size was a square about two inches by two inches. Cards were packaged with chewing tobacco, cracker jacks, chewing gum, and cigarettes (SCD). Many company's produced cards during this era. Some of the major manufactures were : Piedmont, Soverign, Ramly, Hassan, Mecca and Turkey Red. The T-2.. series is very common at card shows. With the exception of the Honus Wagner, most of these cards can be acquired for a reasonable price. From 1936 until 1960, not much happened in the card collecting era. Three major changes occurred during this time period. The cards themselves changed to a size that would carry them to present time. Also, two ground breaking companies would arrive and last until the 21st century. The value of the 30's and 40's cards is around forty dollars for a semi-star (BKM)*. The value of the 50's cards is a little higher at forty five dollars for the semi- star. Mickey Mantle's rookie is included in the 1952 Bowman set. It is valued at $9,000 . Also, another Mantle , his '52 Topps is worth $35,000 (BKM, SCD, TUFF*). The 60's common cards are worth between one dollar and five dollars. There were two main card sizes from 1936 to 1960.

Earnings Management Essays

Earnings Management Essays Earnings Management Paper Earnings Management Paper At a basic level, it involves allocating the right inventory to the right customer at the right price. This is also known as yield management. In the Indian context application of revenue management can be seen In many fields: Travel and Tourism: * Advance purchase of tickets offered by airlines * Weekend discount by hotels Attack service by Indian Railways * Different tariffs charged by power generation and distribution companies * Software companies Revenue management has been named as the number one emerging business strategy by the Wall Street Journal. Application of management science models based on linear programming has Improved the contribution to profit for a major steel company (Data Steel) in India by $73 million in 1986-87 and given a cumulative Earnings Management It covers a wide variety of legitimate and illegitimate actions by management that affects the earnings of a company. It is strategy used by the management to deliberately manipulate the companys earnings in order to smooth earnings over two or more interim or accrual accounting periods or to achieve a designated earnings level to meet security analysts forecasts. Companies prefer to smooth earnings in contrast to having years of exceptionally good or bad earnings. It includes legitimate discretionary choices of when to enter into transactions that require accounting recognition, adding a product line, selling a division, decreasing expenditures. For example, implementation of a decision to enhance the entitys reedit and collection activities may legitimately support reducing the estimate of bad debt expense. Abusive earnings management is deemed by the Securities ; Exchange Commission to be a material and intentional misrepresentation of results. This is the case when the management circumvents GAP in an effort to influence reported earnings. Accounting records may be falsified, all the legal liabilities may not be reported, and fictitious transactions may be entered. In many cases, leadership is responsible for employing techniques to manage and smooth earnings. It should however, be noted that earnings management that constitutes read is distinctly different from earnings management perceived to reduce the quality of earnings. While the pure-fraud cases are to be dealt with through criminal law, issues such as earnings management are also to be dealt with through stringent provisions securities regulation and corporate governance norms. The current evidence indicates a greater incidence of the former type of cases rather than the latter, but beyond a point the distinction between the two gets somewhat blurred (as in Satyrs case) and hence caution must be exercised to prevent both types of occurrences. A major area of concern regarding practice of earnings management is the effect it has on destabilize the stock markets. Motives The major drivers which motivate the management to resort to techniques of earnings management may be discussed as follows: * Achieve targeted results * Emphasis on quarterly reporting * Analyst recommendations * High expectation of shareholders * Performance based pay and stock options * Pressure on Board of Directors and top management to showcase their leadership Instruments Some common techniques of revenue management are described below: * Vendor Financing Vendor financing occurs when a company loans money to a company to a customer to purchase goods from the company. The result is increase in sales revenue on the income statement and an increase in notes receivables on the Balance Sheet. The increase in revenues improves earnings and the related ratios that have operating Income Ana net Income In ten computation. I nee technique Is common to some industries such as telecommunications. For example, in early 2000, Motorola loaned more than $ 2 billion via vendor financing to Titles, a Turkish telecommunication company. Subsequent to the financing, Titles defaulted on the principal and interest payments, forcing Motorola to write off the receivable and recognize a loss. The concern here is that financial analysis and subsequent decisions made about a company based on the current period revenues and earnings are immediately distorted. * Booking a Sale before its time Another way of increasing revenues is to record sales in the accounting records before they are earned. One technique is stuffing the sales channel. Managers ship inventory to customers and recorded the corresponding revenues in spite of clauses f returning the goods without cause beyond year end. Another commonly used technique is to record the sale and leave the delivery date open for the customer. Not reducing sales for promised rebates is yet another instrument of revenue management. Revenue can also be increase by shipping and recording as a sale goods delivered on consignment. Companies in the service industry frequently resort to revenue management. Software support and maintenance contracts, engineering updates, equipment maintenance contracts, and other may call for a long term agreement between the service provider and customer. In order to increase revenues a service provider may record as revenue the entire or a substantial portion of the contract in the first year. Many internet retailers and advertising agencies use the gross method of recording revenues. Under the gross approach, revenues collected and the cost of the ticket are recorded separately, thus creating an appearance of high revenue business. Earnings are generally managed by selecting the amount and time period an expense is recorded on the income statement. Commonly used techniques may be describes as follows: * Cookie Jars This is a technique where managers selectively record or fail to record certain expenses on the income statement, using an offsetting Balance Sheet account (cookie jar) to absorb the impact on earnings. This technique is employed on one or more expense categories. Such as bad debt expense, inventory write downs, warranty expenses, sales return, depreciation and others. For example in periods of low earnings, the amount recorded as bad debt expense may be reduced and in periods of high earnings this amount may be increased. The cookie Jar, the allowance for doubtful accounts, simply floats up and down to accommodate the desired expense accrual. The company will rarely report the Justification for changes to the allowance account. This leaves open the allowance for a doubtful accounts cookie Jar for the executives to manage earnings. Non Recurring Charges and the Big Bath The use of non recurring charges is an extension of the cookie Jar concept. It is common for businesses to close plants, reposition operating units, reduce labor counts, outsource non core business functions, and more. The entire amount is recorded as an expense in the current period as a no recurring charge (also kn own as restructuring charge). A restructuring reserve account is established as a liability on the Balance Sheet to offset the actual cash payments for restructuring the business, which may occur over one or more subsequent accounting periods. Executives practicing earnings management underestimate these restructuring reserves to enhance current pergola earnings. A Log Damn occurs when overstated restructuring charges hit the income statement in the current year. Management uses the restructuring charge to establish a restructuring reserve cookie Jar on the Balance Sheet by overstating the current period restructuring expense, thus reducing earnings in excess for the current period. Off Balance Sheet Financing Off Balance Sheet financing is defined as debt obligations that are not recorded on the Balance Sheet. Although technically, they do not alter the earnings, they do affect they do affect the ratios that use debt in the numerator or denominator. Examples of off Balance Sheet financing include: * Operating Leases * Limited Partnerships Coin Ventures) * Pension Obligations * Receivables that have been factored (sold) Project Methodology Objective To identify the various factors affecting Revenue Earnings Management in the Indian IT Industry. Scope The scope of our study was the 85 listed Indian IT companies with data in the public domain for the last 5 years. Methodology The Discretionary accruals have been taken as a proxy of earnings management by a number of researchers. Discretionary accruals are calculated as the difference between total accruals and non discretionary accruals. Firms having high investments tend to report more discretionary accruals in their earnings. The nondiscriminatory component reflects business conditions (such as growth and the length of the operating cycle) that naturally create and destroy accruals, while the correctional component identifies management choices.

2008 Presidential Campaign Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

2008 Presidential Campaign - Essay Example This essay discusses the 2008 presidential campaign and presidential election, in which Obama contested with John Mc Cain. This was the election in which Obama got the highest vote and he won with the highest vote count. It happened on November 4th of 2008 and Obama was an attractive personality even when he was campaigning for the election. Barack Obama was on the part of Democrats while John Mc Cain was with Republicans. Obama voted from Illinois while John was from the senate of Arizona. The highlight of this election was that in this election Obama won the highest number of votes any president has earned in the whole history of America. Here Obama received 365 electoral votes while John received 173 electoral votes. The researcher aims to analyze the question why Obama was so much popular and highly voted during 2008 election. One of the unique features of the 2008 election was that Black got a chance to vote for someone without having racial consciousness. The unique quality of Obama was that he had the innate characteristic of reviving something or a country which was shattered in pieces. Obama before his 2008 campaign completely studied the economical situation of the country and understood the problems of common men. He was not only preaching but also practicing in a positive manner. It is then concluded by the researcher of the essay, that it was Obama’s dedication, hard work, love and compassion to his country and country men which led to his presidency to be a success.

Contact Issues in Family Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Contact Issues in Family Law - Essay Example The increasing incidence of divorce has created custody battles and problems of access, which have proved to be detrimental to children. Studies conducted by Flouri and Buchanan have revealed that rancor among divorced parents and lack of contact with their father can lead to depression in children, especially girls and in the case of males, the absence of a father can also lead to criminal behavior. According to Matthew Stannard, one of the causes for violent criminal behavior in fatherless boys may be a â€Å"mother’s hostility† towards the father which deprives the child of contact with him, or because the father doesn’t take fatherhood seriously. Bob Geldorf, one of the most vocal activists for the rights of fathers, pointed out that fundamental changes are required in the law and the process in family courts, which tend to favor mothers in the battle for custody of children. The family Court system is based upon adversarial rules of litigation, and acrimonious divorce proceedings can often place the parents as bitter opponents in the Courts and cause child custody hearing to become scenes of power struggles. The family Courts have been ineffective in enforcing court ordered access to fathers, since they are reluctant to separate the children from their mothers and there is a lack of availability of middle ranking punishments and incentives to ensure cooperation from mothers – even when punitive fines and prison terms exist for breaching of contact orders, they may not be imposed in view of the danger of adverse consequential effect upon the child. Family cases take a long time to be processed through the court system, as a result of which fathers are denied access to their children for extended periods.

Web Literacy for Educators Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Web Literacy for Educators - Essay Example URLs provide us with the ways in which the site is organized. Extensions such as .org, .com, .edu, and country codes such as .mx for Mexico suggest that the website is owned either by the government or any private organization. However, keenness and critical thinking are needed in discerning the accuracy and validity of the site because anyone can choose and buy their own domain names. In addition, reading URLs also gives the researcher the ability to â€Å"truncate† (November 12). By truncating, the researcher can go back to the home page by deleting sub domains in the address bar for easier navigation. November explains the importance and ways of reading URL (12). URLs provide us with the ways in which the site is organized. Extensions such as .org, .com, .edu, and country codes such as .mx for Mexico suggest that the website is owned either by the government or any private organization. However, keenness and critical thinking are needed in discerning the accuracy and validi ty of the site because anyone can choose and buy their own domain names. In addition, reading URLs also gives the researcher the ability to â€Å"truncate† (November 12). By truncating, the researcher can go back to the home page by deleting sub domains in the address bar for easier navigation. Knowledge of the rules and Internet grammar is very important in advancing literacy among children in today’s generation because admittedly, the Internet has now become the modern library.

Military force and promoting humanitarian values

Military force and promoting humanitarian values This essay will argue that military force is an ineffective instrument for the promotion of humanitarian values. However, this is qualified by also presenting reasons for discounting the effectiveness of non-military interventions. This essay will be structured as follows. The first sections will confront methodological issues that have to be addressed before the question can be answered. Following this we will embark on a comparison of military and non-military interventions. The essay will evaluate a paradigm case of a successful operation, Australia in East Timor. We will argue it is anomalous and can barely qualify as a genuine intervention. We then see a true case of an intervention, Afghanistan, and conclude that this constitutes a failure of a military promotion of humanitarian values. We will then move onto evaluate two cases of non-military interventions, UN Resolutions and economic sanctions. It will be argued that UN sanctions are impotent, with reference to the actions of Israel. The essay will then examine the sanctions placed on Iraq, and argue that they caused a greater humanitarian crisis than any hitherto encountered intervention. The essay will conclude with reasons why one should refrain from drawing methodological precepts from previous interventions, and advocates a case-by-case analysis. It is important to limit the scope of this debate. First of all, I will not be discussing issues such as the legitimacy of military force being used in national liberation movements with the discussion instead focusing on third party military intervention. There are questions that further need to be addressed: Firstly, what constitutes military force? Is it the mere presence of military personnel (e.g. UN Peacekeeping forces), or does it have to be active military participation? Secondly, what are humanitarian values? Thirdly, how does one measure the promotion of such values? Is there a quantifiable way to ask whether their promotion has been effective? Fourthly, are there case studies which can be turned to in order to address the question? If there has never been a genuinely humanitarian intervention, then it will be impossible to assess the success of such an endeavour. In response to the first question, it is simpler to treat all military interventions of the same ilk. Consider the criteria set out by the Red Cross (1997), arguing that a prerequisite for an intervention to be humanitarian it has to be neutral, impartial and independent. The position of the Red Cross is that no armed force could satisfy these requirements backed as they are by political governments with their own agenda. If one finds this cogent, then there is no prima facie reason for discerning between mercenary, state-backed and UN organisations[1]. In regards to humanitarian values, and how to measure their effectiveness, to find a view backed by consensus is almost impossible. We confront positions as diverse as simple, utilitarian measurements of the amount of people whose lives have been saved (Janzekovic, 2006: 144) to more specific positions such as Regan (1996: 341-342) who claims that an intervention can be deemed successful if it destabilises the region in such a way, so that it is more difficult for the oppressing-state to continue with its human rights violations. This position would not use a short-term measurement such as deaths to measure the success of an intervention. However, I shall err on the simpler measurement. This is simply due to that the measurement of injuries, fatalities and abuses in a conflict is a simpler tool of analysis, rather than a vague notion such as favourable destabilisation[2]. Finally, as to whether there has been a genuine humanitarian intervention, the answer seems to be negative[3]. Regardless of whether or not one agrees with the historical analysis in the books cited, there is an explanatory problem for believers in genuine intervention, which is the sporadic and inconsistent use of such interventions. This is what Paris (2014: 578-588) calls the inconsistency problem. The thrust of the problem is that such inconsistent use of military intervention in regards to humanitarian crises implies that there is more tha n just selfless means motivating the intervenors. Although other factors affect the ability to intervene (Binder: 2009), there is a strong motivation that, when combined with the historical record, humanitarian intervention is a misnomer. However, let us leave this issue to the side. What we shall discuss now is the following: Do military interventions for nominally humanitarian ends, save more lives than non-military means for the same ends? Let us examine some of the paradigmatic cases of successful military intervention. One often cited is the success of the Australian intervention in East Timor in 1999. The intervention was required due to the Indonesian governments oppressive measures used to quell an East Timorese population insistent on independence from Jakarta. During the referendum campaign, there was widespread use of militia intimidation to quell support for independence, accompanied by widespread human rights violations. The actions of the Indonesian forces resulted in the displacement of around 40,000 – 85,000 East Timorese (T. Seybolt, 2007: 88.)). The success of the Australian military has been praised by some, such as Wheeler and Dunne (2001) who took such success as totalling almost a paradigm shift on the effectiveness and new normative perspective of a humanitarian intervention (contrasting it with the collusion of the United States in the violent occupation of the East Timor in 1975 (Amnesty In ternational, 1985). However, although the Australian intervention is largely considered successful, unfortunately, it does not meet the criteria of a humanitarian intervention. Humanitarian interventions, under most definitions (Roberts, 2003:5) have to be a military action without the consent of the oppressing power, in this case, Indonesia. However, as is noted by Chesterman (2002), Australia sought the consent of the Indonesian government, before intervening. The Australian government of the 5th of September said that they would only consider intervention if four conditions were met: (i) there was a security council mandate, (ii) if the Indonesian government consented, (iii) if the endeavour was a short term one, and (iv) if the force had a strong regional component Wheeler and Dunne (ibid p.807). What makes the fact that consent was sought from Indonesia considerably stranger was the fact that, apart from Australia, the international community did not believe that Indonesia had any rights over East Timor, with East Timor being internationally considered to be an independent state. As Chesterman goes onto note as well, that, although it is often cited to be an example of successful intervention, the fact remains that the international community displayed great reticence in intervening (contrasted with their enthusiasm regarding Bosnia). Chesterman concludes that if Australia had not intervened, no one else would have (Chesterman 2002:181)) There are also significant reasons that the reason for Australian intervention were hardly impartial either, as Chesterman also notes that the Howard Government of Australia was probably more worried about the influx of refugees that would come from such a crisis (a point which is corroborated by Gonzalez-Forester (2004), who documents Australia and other countries previous ambivalences to violent Indonesian actions towards the East-Timorese.) This case study appears to support the question posed in the affirmative, as once the Australian forces intervened, the extent of the massacres and expropriations stopped considerably. Thus, there does appear to be some motivation for considering military intervention a useful technique. However, there are also other considerable problems by extrapolating from this example. First of all, the Indonesian forces consented to their intervention, so the Australians were entering a comparatively un-hostile environment, and secondly, this fact is bolstered by the generally warm relations between Australia and Indonesia. In order for us to extrapolate from this example, we would have to see how well interventions perform in a country which does not openly consent to the intervention from a third party. Such an example would be Afghanistan, a country that has twice been intervened by hostile forces supporting apparently humanitarian goals (both Russia (1979-1989) and the United States (2001- Ongoing)). Both of these interventions have had the nominal motivation of humanitarian ends, and both have, to some extent worked towards them. In the case of the Russian intervention, it seems to be that the attempt to intervene has failed, despite the attempt to implement progressive policies (Bennis, 2015). The report cited documents how their attempts to implement progressive policies in the rural areas of Afghanistan provoked widespread rebellion, thus making the humanitarian situation considerably worse. The United States intervention initially seemed to be a more intelligent intervention, with there being a pronouncement of the military intervention being accompanied by humanitarian aid drops. However, as Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) note, the aid packages of food (which only occurred a round once a month) shared the same yellow packaging as cluster bombs, which led to a number of casualties (Calas and Salignon: 2004, p. 82.) Asides from that, there also seems to be strong reports that human rights are being abused by militant forces which the united states support. For example, the New York Times have reported on a massacre occurring in Dasht-E-Leili, where Afghan Soldiers killed Taliban POWs on their route to Sheberghen Prison (Gall, 2001).this directly violates Article 13 of the Geneva Convention regarding the treatment of POWs (ICRC, 1949). Incidents such as this are indicative of a failed intervention, in regards to the promotion of explicitly humanitarian values. Although the indefinite extension of the US-Afghanistan war means that any conclusion might seem premature, the track record of the past 14 years indicates that military interventions do not promote humanitarian ends if the members of the occupying country do not welcome it. We have thus encountered compelling reasons to dismiss the effectiveness of military means for promoting humanitarian ends. What is now necessary is to contrast this with the effectiveness of non-military interventions. We shall examine two such examples: UN declarations and economic sanctions. We shall conclude that both are ineffective: UN declarations are ineffective without military support, and economic sanctions can exacerbate already precarious situations. In regards to the first point, there does seem to be a strong case for this. Consider, for example, the Israeli occupation of Palestinian territory in the West Bank and Gaza, as well as their occupation of the Golan Heights in Syria. All of these violate international law, and violate UN sanctions (Hammon, 2010)). However, this does not seem to have deterred the Israeli government from refraining from the maintenance of such illegal activities, nor does it seem to have any force in preventing further breaches of internationa l law. Secondly, consider the economic sanctions that were placed on Iraq in response to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait implemented by United Nations Security Council Resolution 661 (S/RES/661 (1990)) These sanctions are considered to have some of the most disastrous humanitarian results of recent history. The result of these sanctions have resulted in UNICEF reporting around 500,000 Iraqi children under the age of 5 dying (an increase of over 4,000 deaths a month compared to before the sanctions were enforced) (Edwards, 2000) In fact, the oil-for-food program has had effects that compelled the organiser of the program, Denis Halliday, to resign, calling the program genocidal. The fact that this resignation at such a senior level in the UN is almost unprecedented is remarkable in and of itself. What makes this fact more remarkable is due to the fact that the person assigned to replace him, Hans von Sponeck, also resigned from the post, citing similar reasons (ibid.) A counter-point co uld be raised here, to the effect that it was not so much the food-for-oil program itself that was the problem, but rather the insufficiencies of the program in light of the bombing campaign that almost crippled Iraqs infrastructure. For example, Eric Hoskins claimed that [the bombing campaign] effectively terminated everything vital to human survival in Iraq – electricity, water, sewage systems, agriculture, industry and health care (Curtis, 1995: 189). Thus, the point could be raised that this should be cited as a failure of military intervention, rather than non-violent. This point is a strong one, yet the cataclysmic consequences were not invoked by the bombing campaign, rather it was the sanctions which prevented the rebuilding which precipitated a humanitarian disaster. It is difficult to equate the success and failure of these positions, as they are often used in tandem, and it becomes difficult to dissociate what could be indications of mere incompetence, from the mor e malice invocations of the doctrine of realpolitik. In conclusion, it is difficult to ascertain the effectiveness of military force. This is because paradigmatically successful operations, such as East Timor do not qualify. The possibility of a further answer is complicated due to the fact that the Israel-Palestine conflicts demonstrates the impotence of non-military means without the possibility of an armed intervention. Yet, the fact that condemnations are powerless also does not help us answer the question: Afghanistan shows how a militarily backed campaign can make a military solution to legitimate grievances considerably worse, and yet Iraq shows us how economic sanctions also exacerbate precarious scenarios. It seems to be that to offer an answer regarding the effectiveness of this-or-that method is premature, and universal laws determining efficacy should be replaced with a case-by-case analysis. Footnotes 1 For a response to this, see Janzekovic (2006, p.130). For a more methodological reason regarding the difficulty of providing meaningful distinctions between forms of intervention, see Raymond (2015. p.295-298) 2 For example, did the UN sanctions against Iraq in response to their invasion of Kuwait destabilise Saddam? It is not obvious to say. 3 For why interventions previous to World War I were not humanitarian, see Losurdo (2014) For why interventions post- World War II were not humanitarian see Blum (2003) Bibliography Amnesty International. (1985) East Timor Violations of Human Rights: Extrajudicial Executions, Disappearances, Torture and Political Imprisonment, 1975–1984. London: Amnesty International Publications. Bennis, P. (2015) Afghanistan in: Assange, J. The WikiLeaks Files: The World According to US Empire. New York: Verso Books. Pp. 368-394 Blum, W. (2003) Killing hope: US military and CIA interventions since World War II. London: Zed Books Calas, F. and Salignon, P. (2004) Afghanistan: From Militant Monks to Crusaders. In: Weissman In the Shadow of Just Wars, Weissman, ed. London: Hurts and Co. Chesterman, S. (2002) Just War or Just Peace? Oxford: Oxford University Press Curtis, M. (1995) The ambiguities of power: British foreign policy since 1945. London: Zed books. Edwards, D. (2000) An Interview with Denis Halliday. Media Lens. [Online] 16th May. Available at: http://www.medialens.org/index.php/alerts/interviews/77-an-interview-with-denis-halliday.html. [Accessed 19th October 2015] Gall, C. (2001) Study Hints at Mass Killing by the Taliban. New York Times [Online] May 1st Available at http://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/01/world/study-hints-at-mass-killing-of-the-taliban.html [Accessed 19th October 2015] Gonzalez-Foerster, G. (2004). East Timor: Better Late Than Never. In: Weissman. Ed. In the Shadow of Just Wars, . London: Hurts and Co. 25-42. Hammond, J.R. (2010) Rogue State: Israels violations of UN Security Council resolutions Foreign Policy Journal. [Online] 27th January. Available at: http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2010/01/27/rogue-state-israeli-violations-of-u-n-security-council-resolutions/. [Accessed 19th October 2015] International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (1997) Can Military Intervention and Humanitarian Action Coexist? World Disasters Report. Oxford: Oxford University Press International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) (1949), Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (Fourth Geneva Convention), 12 August, 75 UNTS 287, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b36d2.html. [Accessed 19 October 2015] Janzekovic, J. (2006) The use of force in humanitarian intervention: morality and practicalities. Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., Losurdo, D. (2014) Liberalism: a counter-history. London: Verso Books. Paris, R. (2014) The Responsibility to Protectand the Structural Problems of Preventive Humanitarian Intervention. International Peacekeeping 21.5: 569-603. Raymond, D (2015). Military Means of Preventing Mass Atrocities. In Rosenberg, S. Galis, T. Zucker A. eds. 2015: Reconstructing Atrocity Prevention. New York: Cambridge University Press. Pp.295- 320 Regan, P M. (1996) Conditions of successful third-party intervention in intrastate conflicts. Journal of Conflict Resolution 40.2: 336-359 Roberts, A. (2002) The So-Called Right of Humanitarian Intervention, in Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 2000, 3. The Hgue: T.M.C Asser. Seybolt, T B. (2007) Humanitarian military intervention: the conditions for success and failure. Oxford: Oxford University Press. UN Security Council, Resolution 661 (1990) Adopted by the Security Council at its 2933rd meeting, on 6 August 1990, 6 August 1990, S/RES/661 (1990), available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/3b00f16b24.html [accessed 25 October 2015] Wheeler, N. and Dunne, T. (2001) East Timor and the New Humanitarian Interventionism, International Affairs, 77, 4, pp. 805–27.

Effective Communication Skills Essay -- Message, Feedback

Introduction An important step to becoming an effective leader is to develop effective communication skills. Communication is the transmission of meaning from one person to another or to many people, whether verbally or non-verbally (Barrett, 2006). Effective communication enables leaders to lead. Effective communication occurs only if the receiver understands the exact information or idea that the sender intended to covey. As a leader, studying the communication process is important. Communication skills, including the ability to problem solve, work in teams, and adapt to various audiences, are critical in today’s workplace (Levy& Murname, 2004). Since the most successful leaders communicate well, understanding how your communication is working and how it might work better is critical to achieving similar success. The purpose of this paper is to assess my communication skills and develop a recipe for successful communication that other leaders can use to evaluate their communication skills. I will outline my approach to assessing my communication skills and describe my development plan for improving those skills. Methods According to Chambers (2001), communicating is a complex process. The ability to draft a message, deliver it to another, listen for feedback, process it, and continue to communicate in ways that are understood requires skills that take time to develop. The best place to start is to first understand which communication skills need development. The first tool I used to perform my self- assessment was a comprehensive communication evaluation tool developed by IHC Health Services (see Appendix A). I chose this instrument because I wanted to start my assessment by measuring my overall understanding of the... ... communicator. My second goal is to understand the different communication styles and adjust my communication style to the needs of others. This goal will be achieved once I have mastered the art of altering my behavior so that it fits better with another person’s style. This skill will need to be practiced and honed until it is perfected. It will take time to master this skill. Conclusion Improving communication skills should be a priority for all leaders. Becoming an effective communicator takes practice. Identifying communication skills to personally work on is the first step in becoming a better communicator and better leader. Great leaders recognize the importance of good communication. Responsible leaders work to prevent communication mishaps and keep the communication flowing throughout their organizations.

“Father Returning Home” by Dilip Chitre Essay

Dilip Purushottam Chitre was one of the foremost Indian writers and critics of the post Independence India. Apart from a being a writer, he was also a painter and a filmmaker. Father Returning Home is a short and appealing poem about an old man in a cosmopolitan city where his own sons and daughters treat him as an alien. He himself is estranged from the man-made world. Through this poem, Chitre has denounced the urban rootlessness and alienation. The first stanza of Father Returning Home describes the train journey of his father while returning home one evening. The father stands among commuters in the yellow light of a local compartment. The poet describes his father’s reaction against the sights of the suburbs that pass by. His father remains unmoved by the sights because they are too familiar to him. That is quite normal, isn’t it? We hardly pay attention to those places where we travel every day, unless the place has something interesting to offer. Same was with the poet’s father. The poet then describes his father’s pathetic condition, as he travels during the rainy season. His clothes become damp and dirty. The black raincoat that he wears becomes stained with mud. His bag crumbles with the heavy load of the books. Due to old age, the poet’s father’s eyesight has become poor and therefore he finds difficulty to move about in the dark. The poet says that he can see his father getting down the train ‘like a word dropped from a long sentence.’ The sentence is highly unique and it provides an evocative image of an old man who gets down from the train as if he is no longer relevant to it. The poet then sees his father hurrying through the long, grey platform. The man seems to be as old as the platform, who has been using it as a part of his routine. He crosses the railway tracks and hurries home through muddy lanes on a rainy day. This is indicated by his chappals which are sticky with mud. This stanza portrays the monotonousness of the old man, who sustains the vagaries of weather as well as the estrangement from the man-made. The second stanza, the poet represents the alienation of his father that he experiences in his own dwelling.

Bespoke

Bespoke Bespoke Bespoke By Maeve Maddox A reader has asked for a discussion of the word bespoke: I keep reading it in articles, and at least half the time I see it I end up looking it up because it just doesn’t seem correct to me. Bespoke is an adjective that comes from the archaic English verb bespeak. One of the meanings of the prefix be- is â€Å"about.† When miserly Samuel Pepys dreads that a man wants him to be his son’s godfatheran honor that would require some outlay of cashhe says, [The man] who I feared did come to bespeak me to be godfather to his son. That is, â€Å"who he feared had come to speak to him about the prospect of his standing godfather.† In early usage bespeak could also mean â€Å"to speak out,† â€Å"to ask for,† â€Å"to tell about,† and â€Å"to predict,† as well as the meaning that has survived in the bespoke of the reader’s question: â€Å"to engage beforehand; to order goods.† Bespoke and bespoken are past forms of bespeak. For example, A new set of chains was bespoke. (A new set of chains was ordered.) She had arranged or bespoken to have him killed. (She had talked about a hit.) In its current use as an adjective, bespoke refers to custom-made goods in contrast to goods that are ready-made. The adjective can also refer to a person who provides such goods, (e.g., â€Å"a bespoke tailor†). In England the expression â€Å"bespoke suit† is a common way of referring to a tailor-made suit. In the context of conspicuous consumption, bespoke seems to have something to do with the desires of hedonists who don’t know what to do with their money. Watchmakers look to bespoke design to court the super-rich: We will offer a bespoke service where the customer has a say on everything: the material, the case, the dial, the hands, said Thierry Andretta, president of the firm where prices for custom-made watches start at 100,000 Swiss francs ($113,000). Gourmet dining, private flights, bespoke safaris, slimming clinics and art auctions emerging as top status symbols The Privileged World City: Private Banking, Wealth Management and the Bespoke Servicing of the Global Super-Rich American speakers of less extravagant means and tastes are more likely to refer to the things they special-order as â€Å"custom-made.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:75 Contronyms (Words with Contradictory Meanings)The Possessive ApostropheParticular vs. Specific

A biography of Ralph Waldo Emerson essays

A biography of Ralph Waldo Emerson essays One of Americas most influential thinkers and authors was Ralph Waldo Emerson. Ralph Waldo Emerson was born in Boston on May 25, 1803. Emerson's dad died when he was only eight, which forced his mom to take in boarders to support the family's needs. When Emerson was only 14, he entered Harvard, where he ran became a sort of secretary for the president of the university. When he graduated Harvard, at age 18, he became a teacher. When he got tired or teaching, he enrolled in the Divinity School, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, to become a preacher. After his graduation of the Divinity School, he started his minister career as a guest speaker at local churches. Three years after his graduation, he was appointed minister of the Second Church of Boston. Because of personal doubts about the Church doctrine, he felt he could no longer administer the Lord's supper, he quit as minister of the Second Church of Boston. After Emerson left his career as a minister, he sailed to Europe, where he met many prominent European writers. A year later, he returned back to the United States, where he settled in Concord Massachusetts. At an oration at Harvard, he gave one of his most famous, if not his most famous speech, "The American Scholar." "The American Scholar," was a speech about being intellectually independent. Intellectually Independent simply means that everyone should think for themselves, and not become a "parrot of other mens thinking." This speech was very important in Emerson's life, because he was able to mention his theory of Transcendentalism to an open audience. Emerson's most popular written work, was probably "Nature." "Nature," was an essay on the theory of Transcendentalism, and his personal views of nature. Although Emerson wrote many famous works, his main source of income was being a public speaker. Among the places Emerson spoke were lyceums, and universities. Although Emerson mainly spoke at l ...

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Assignment - Essay Example The mayor of London was bestowed with the authority to take over the strategic roles and responsibility that would oversee the performance of different departments. In this consultative agreement, the mayor was assigned a major role to stimulate socio-economic expansion and development of the environment (Imrie, 2009). Moreover, the mayor was endorsed with the role of setting legislative strategies on various sectors in London such as transport, planning, and waste management. The aim of the statutory strategies was to improve the welfare of the people of London city as well as increase the power of the mayor of London. Moreover, the mayor was made responsible for setting up the budget of the city and the entire Greater London Authority. Moreover, the mayor was to oversee the budget planning of the subsidiaries of Greater London Authority such as the London Development Agency (LDA), the Metropolitan Police Authority (MPA) and London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority (LFEPA), Tran sport for London (TfL). In this agreement, the mayor was also responsible for appointing boards for the TfL, and LDA (Allmendinger, 2006). Literature Review Following the agreement, the mayor formulated policies that gave support to the development of sustainable environment. The aim of these policies was to facilitate well-organized age group use, and supply of energy in London. In addition, the aim of these policies by the mayor was to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to deal with issues of climate change. Change of climate has been one of the most daring threats for the lives of the people of London city. Furthermore, London is challenged by lack of fuels therefore necessitating the formation of policies which would that would emphasis on the environment especially the issues that facilitate preservation of the surroundings for better well-being among the people (Greater London Authority, 2010). In his policy, the mayor of London was supposed to develop a legislative responsib ility that permits formulation of strategies that favor energy policies that are auspicious to the environment. The policies would achieve this through distribution of energy efficiency expenses to meet the wants of diverse individuals in the city. Recent research has predicted that water will be an unavailable resource in London owing to climate change and the growth of population in the region. The policies have led to the formation of Mayor’s Water Action Framework that is accountable for the regulation of water price limits in London (Greater London Authority, 2010). According to The Greater London Authority (2010), the framework molded would function under the leadership of environment agency. It is mandatory that all issues related to energy sources and water distribution be environmentally friendly in order to safeguard the well-being of the people of London is enhanced. It is imperative to take into consideration that manufacturing firms can easily contaminate the env irons through emission of fumes such as Carbon IV oxide, which destroys the ozone layer. Furthermore, discarding waste products such as chemical compounds, which are by-products of manufacturing processes, can also contaminate the surroundings through pollution of water particularly in the

How a Sports Coach Could Motivate the Athletes Term Paper

How a Sports Coach Could Motivate the Athletes - Term Paper Example Mere physical strength and athletic skill are not enough; the will to win and perform is crucial, and it needs to be inculcated within the performers. Many scientific theories purport the same and will be discussed hereunder. However, some, like the trait theory may present facts which go in the other direction. It focuses on the intrinsic traits of people which are inherently different. Nonetheless, as the development of the other theories will go on to show, a potent show of motivation by the coach can increase performance beyond expectations. Motivation intrinsically charges and individual, and becomes the intangible source of energy that directs a person towards his/her goal. This is the human fuel which basically separates the achiever from the adversary. All this goes beyond verbal whims. There is more than enough scientific evidence that supports the above-mentioned proposition. With recent examples of researches from sports journals, four such theories of motivation will be cited hereunder, namely achievement motivation theory, attribution theory, cognitive evaluation theory, and goal-setting theory. What're more, specific motivational theories fit right into the existing practices within sports, thereby clearly identifying the link between motivation and sport from the context of a coach. Three important needs surface in this context. The need for achievement comes first, wherein there is an urge to accomplish something difficult. Then is the need for affiliation, in which a person wishes to form close personal relationships. Finally, there is a need for power, in which one seeks to have control over others. Understand of the patterns of these needs is very important, as more often than not, a sportsman is making all the effort in order to accomplish one or more of these needs.  

European Trade Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

European Trade Policy - Essay Example Art. 113 lists a number of measures included in the CCP: tariff rates, conclusion of tariff and trade agreements, uniformity in measures of liberation, export policy and measures to protect trade. Art. 113 is not exclusive, just a list of examples. The EU has interpreted that the CCP "includes the same elements as the external trade policy of a state", meaning that the CCP may include trade regulation, as well as trade liberalization measures and defensive measures against unfair commercial practices. As examples of defensive measures we can mention Anti-dumping Regulation, Illicit Practices Regulation and Counterfeit Regulation. EU's Common Commercial Policy covers all the main measures affecting trade in goods and services and almost all trade-related issues, Trade-related areas partially covered by the common trade policy include: company law, indirect taxation, standards and other technical regulations, and enforcement of intellectual property rights. The Community policy on imports is determined in the following way: "imports into the Community are free from quantitative restrictions but only where more restrictive rules are not applicable". Restrictive rules apply for textiles and agricultural products. (Aarkog, 2005) B. In December 2005, the EU Commission announced that it would be phasing-out all export subsidies currentyl granted to exporters in the European Union. Critically discuss the likely implications for EU exports of the phasing-out of export subsidies. 60% World Trade Organization (WTO) members, which includes the European Union, are engaged in trade negotiations referred to as the Doha Development Agenda (DDA). The main aim of the negotiations is to minimize barriers to internal trade in agriculture, manufactured... On the basis of Article 133 of the European Community (EC) Treaty, the European Commission negotiates on behalf of the Member States in consultation with a special committee- the so-called "133 Committee". The 133 Committee is composed of representatives from the 25 Member States and the European Commission. Its main function is to coordinate the trade policy of the EU. The 133 Committee discusses the full range of trade policy issues affecting the EU, from the strategic issues surrounding the launch of rounds of trade negotiations at the WTO to specific difficulties with the export of individual products, such as textiles, and considers the trade aspects of wider EU policies in order to ensure consistency of policy. In this Committee, the European Commission secures endorsement of the Member States on all trade policy issues. The major formal decisions (for example agreement to launch or conclude negotiations) are then confirmed by the Council of the European Union. World Trade Organization (WTO) members, which includes the European Union, are engaged in trade negotiations referred to as the Doha Development Agenda (DDA). The main aim of the negotiations is to minimize barriers to internal trade in agriculture, manufactured products and services. One of the significant calls by the 2001 Doha declaration was the â€Å"reduction, in view to phase out, all forms of export subsidies†. This call was renewed again in 2004 during the negotiation for the â€Å"Framework for Establishing Modalities in Agriculture†.

Should Rewards and Punishments Be Used to Motivate Students’ Learning Essay Example for Free

Should Rewards and Punishments Be Used to Motivate Students’ Learning Essay I believe that rewards and punishments do play a key part in sustaining children’s interest and motivation to learn. However, I feel there are other key factors and methods that could be used to greater effect and am inclined to disagree with the question at hand. a) There are many educational theories on the topic of motivation but I believe the Self-Determination and Self-Efficacy theories cover some key aspects that deserve to be mentioned. The Self-Determination theory, in a nutshell, discusses the extent to which people validate their actions upon reflection and engage in them willingly. It assumes that every individual seeks personal development and undertakes challenges to build up their self-esteem (Rochester, 2008). According to Eggen and Kauchak, learners have three ‘innate psychological needs: competence, autonomy and relatedness’. The need for competence suggests that learners have to feel confident in their ability to match up with their peer’s performances, with determining factors like praise and attributional statements regarding the reasons for their performance. The need for autonomy basically talks about learners wanting to feel in control over their learning environment; this can be achieved by pushing them to be committed to their goals and providing detailed feedback after assessments. Finally, the need for relatedness stems from learners wanting assurance with regards to their relationships with the people around them and feeling deserving of care and respect. Eggen Kauchak, 2007) The Self-Efficacy theory is similar to the Self-Determination theory in certain aspects; basically, it focuses on learners’ confidence in their capability to achieve success, which in turn determines how you tackle challenges. (Wagner, 2008) The four factors influencing self-efficacy are past performance, modelling, verbal persuasion and psychological state. Past performances, the most important factor of the four, determine a person’s initial confidence in handling the task at hand while modelling gives learners a sense of the benchmark expecte d from them, thus giving them greater confidence in their preparations. Verbal persuasion, when used appropriately, can help spur learners on when they are in determining their progress and, eventually, their success. (Eggen Kauchak, 2007) What impact do these two theories have on learners’ motivation to learn? To put it simply, both theories believe that by acknowledging their innate needs and boosting their confidence, learners will most likely be more motivated to learn. Learners aged 7-11 are in the concrete operational stage and are ‘increasingly conscious of cognitive capacities and effective strategies’ (Berk, 1999); this means that they are more aware of what they can do based on their current level of ability as well as what can be done to improve their performance. Hence, it would make sense that we should aim to build up their confidence such that they can truly perform to the best of their capabilities. There are, of course, some concerns about there being over-confidence as a result of being ‘overly-encouraged’. Also, there is a limit to the effectiveness of verbal persuasion in really motivating students to press on with the task at hand. (Eggen Kauchak, 2007) However, a crucial point to note is that any effort to boost their confidence is to increase their self-belief, to believe that they can succeed if they put in the necessary amount of effort; that way their mindset towards challenges will be a much healthier one. Thus, the Self-determination and Self-Efficacy theories show that rewards and punishments need not be the sole factor in motivating learners. ) The Self-Determination and Self-Efficacy theories discussed earlier were schools of thought belonging to cognitive theories of motivation. The use of rewards and punishments in classrooms is a behavioural view of motivation. It states that learning is a ‘change in behaviour that occurs as a result of experience’ and thus, ‘an increase in studying or learning behaviours is viewed as evidence of motivation’. ( Eggen Kauchak, 2007) There is some debate over the effectiveness of using rewards in classrooms and whether it really boosts learners’ motivation to learn. On the one hand, some argue that using rewards can lead to a whole host of problems, the first being that rewards give learners the wrong impression about the true meaning of learning and undermines their ‘motivation to be involved in an activity for its own sake’, or intrinsic motivation. Others believe that behaviourism alone does not fully account for learners’ motivation as they rely on extrinsic motivators, or ‘motivation to engage in an activity as a mean to an end’, meaning that cognitive factors like learners’ expectations are not accounted for. Eggen Kauchak, 2007) According to Berk, ‘children think in an organized, logical fashion only when dealing with concrete information they can directly perceive’ (Berk, 1999); this indicates that using methods based on behaviourism, namely rewards and punishment, will not serve much purpose in helping learners deal with abstract concepts and higher-order skills. Rather, methods base d on cognitive development could be used to greater effect. Also, the presence of so many variables in today’s learning environment means that the success of using behaviourism-based strategies is quite beyond our control. All this only serves to affirm that the use of rewards and punishments would not necessarily be effective in motivating learners’ learning. On the other hand, Piaget’s explanation of knowledge acquisition shows that behaviourism does indeed aid cognitive development; Piaget himself believed that knowledge is ‘constructed or created gradually, as maturing individuals interact with the environment’, or constructivism in simple terms. By rewarding or punishing learners, their physical learning environment is affected, which in turn has an impact on their creating and re-learning of new knowledge. Indeed, by making use of rewards for tasks that learners do not find too intrinsically appealing, like word problems and emphasising greater competence as the reason for rewards, learners could indeed be more motivated to learn. Eggen Kauchak, 2007) Hence, it might be best to acknowledge that while rewards and punishments may not necessarily be the most effective way to motivate learners, it would not be ideal to eradicate them from teaching strategies too. Thus, the emphasis should be on appropriate implementation of rewards and punishments so as to motivate learning. c) There are many different strategies that can or should not be in place to facilitate the motivation of learners and they fall under different approaches: cognitive, humanistic and behaviourism. One critical cognitive theory known as the Expectancy ? Value theory suggests that learners feel encouraged to participate in a task only to the point where they believe they will succeed multiplied by the importance they feel this particular success is worth. The Expectancy ? Value theory has two influencing variables: expectancy for success and task value. To help learners be more confident about their chances of success, we can try to change their opinion of the challenge a particular task poses as well as their preconceptions of their own abilities. This can be done by nurturing expectations of success by providing just enough assistance for learners to make headway on challenges. Also, we can enhance the task’s value by increasing intrinsic interest, the tasks importance and utility value. To achieve this, tasks will have to be linked to real-world situations and appeal to learners in terms of its usefulness and novelty. A simple way of achieving this would be to make use of ‘concrete examples’ to raise enthusiasm and stress the specific usefulness of the task. (Eggen Kauchak, 2007) What should not be done, then, in the terms of cognitive theories? According to Eggen and Kauchak, there is another influencing variable that influences learners’ perception of a task’s value: cost. It is defined as the ‘negative aspect of engaging in a task’. There can be emotional and psychological costs that hinder learners performing according to their true abilities (Eggen Kauchak, 2007) and it is up to the teacher to be aware of the situation and help to the best of her abilities. Metacognition, the ‘ability to think about thinking, to play with thoughts and to monitor and deploy mental effort strategically’ (Forsyth, Forsyth, Schickedanz, Shickedanz, 2001), is almost like multi-tasking; learners have to juggle many different kinds of thought processes. It is crucial in the all-round development of learners and the presence of emotional or psychological costs in their learning environment can have an adverse impact on their motivation to learn. Thus, it is vital that teachers do not ignore the presence of these factors. The humanistic view of motivation has to do with our desire to achieve maximum potential as humans. (Eggen Kauchak, 2007) We look to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs to help explain motivation from a humanistic viewpoint. Maslow believed that basic needs lower down the pyramid have to be fulfilled before needs higher up the pyramid can be fulfilled. (Hierarchy of needs, 2007) What this means is that teachers have to create a positive and secure learning environment to satisfy learners’ basic and growth needs. By treating everyone in the same positive manner by focusing on their ‘intrinsic worth’ and viewing them as ‘developing human beings’, one can be assured that learners will find the motivation to learn. However, critics of Maslow’s theory argue that insufficient research has been conducted to support these claims and that his hierarchy of needs does not always hold true as individuals can achieve higher needs, like aesthetic appreciation, without fulfilling their basic needs. With disability becoming an ‘emerging priority’ in Singapore, there is an even greater need to ‘succeed in valuing and practising a cohesive spirit’ so as to ‘meet future challenges’ (Lim, Thaver, Slee, 2008); which is why it is vital for teachers to ‘treat students as people first and learners second’. Eggen Kauchak, 2007) By striving to create an inclusive classroom, it will be easier motivating learners. Finally, we come to behavioural views of motivation. Earlier in the essay, rewards and punishments were said to be behavioural methods. This can be done in a learning-focused environment, which ‘emphasizes effort, continuous improvement and u nderstanding’. To do that, we can help learners to self-regulate their behaviour and structure the learning environment using climactic and instructional factors. When self-regulation takes place, learners will take more pride in their work and be more committed to the goals they set. Teachers can aid the process by modelling responsibility and help learners set guidelines in place. Climactic variables like encouraging success and handling challenges also play a key role in creating a motivating environment. By providing sufficient help in challenging tasks and highlighting the reasons for assignments, the learning environment will be better suited for motivation to learn. Instructional variables are key to capturing learners’ interest, which determines how much effort they place on the task in turn. Involving students in personalized tasks and providing detailed feedback helps to build their intrinsic motivation to learn and succeed. (Eggen Kauchak, 2007) In any classroom, there will always be distractions that threaten to impair any carefully-laid lesson plans. Thus, learners should not be left out of the drawing up of classroom rules and expectations; they would then be familiar with any signals from the teacher indicating a disturbance or lack of attention. Also, not every interruption needs to be addressed immediately; by ignoring minor disruptions occasionally, it serves as a subtle cue for the offender to not resort to similar tactics to gain attention. (Divaharan Wong, 2008) Teachers should not get into the habit of jumping into a new topic immediately too, as a novel introductory focus (an appealing and scaffolded structure of the lesson) will appeal to learners’ interest and prior knowledge, thus motivating them intrinsically.