Good to Great Book Review Essay -- Good Great Business Management Essa

Good to gigantic Book ReviewTo transform a good company to great company is tout ensemble manages dream, but only few of them make it. To find out the core factors which lead to a good company became a great company is in truth difficult, because in different era, different industry companies face different opportunities and threats. To begin the research for the Good-to-Great study, Jim Collins and his research team searched for companies that performed at or below the ordinary stock market for at least fifteen years then at a transition point began to pull away from the competition, and sustained returns of at least 3 multiplication the general market for the next fifteen years. He started with a list of 1,435 companies and found eleven that met his criteria. These eleven companies produced, on average, a return of 6.9 times the general stock market during the 15 years following the transition points. Collins chose a 15-year span to avoid one- worst wonders and lucky breaks. In the book, Collins highlights some important factors which are the result of the research. They are take aim 5 leadership, fist who then what, confront the brutal facts, the hedgehog concept, culture of discipline, and applied science hitmans, (Collins, 2001, p.12). According to Wheelen & Hunger, strategical management is that set of managerial decisions and actions that determines the long-run performance of a corporation. It includes environmental scanning (both external and internal), strategy formulation (strategic or long-range planning), strategy implementation, and evaluation and control (2004, p2). All eleven good to great companies are bene live from strategic management and gain long term strategic advantage then lead to outperforming compared companies. The first factor is level 5 leadership. A leader is the soul of the company. Base on the research, every good-to-great company had level 5 leaders during the pivotal transition years. In the book, level 5 leaders embody a paradoxical blend of personal humility and passe-partout will (Collins, 2001, p.13). Darwin E. Smith is an example of lever 5 leasers. Smith transforms Kimberly-Clark into the leading paper-based consumer products company in the world within twenty years. Generated cumulative stocks return 4.1 times the general market, furthermore beating its direct rivals Procter & Gamble and Scott Paper. Level 5 leaderships ambition i... ...gy not likes leader, concept, and culture it is an accelerator for the company. Good-to-great companies used technology as an accelerator of momentum, not a creator of it. None of the good-to-great company began their transformations with pioneering technology, yet they all became pioneers in the application of technology once they grasped how it fit with their three circles and after they hit breakthrough (Collins, 2001, p.162). Before become a pioneer in the application of the technology, we have to do the external and internal scanning to see is it the technology fit our long term strategic and hedgehog concept. Generally speaking, Good-to-Great are base on six major factors leadership, staffing, information, concept, culture and technology. All these factors drive the companies good to great. Without a doubt, this is a must read for anyone in business, running a business or starting a business.Reference Collins, J. (2001). Dont Good to Great Why Some Companies Make the Leapand Others. New York HarperCollins Publishers Inc. Wheelen T.L., & Hunger J.D. (2004). Strategic Management and Business Policy (9thed.). Upper Saddle River Pearson Education, Inc.

Albert Camus The Stranger and Samuel Becketts Waiting for Godot :: comparison compare contrast essays

Albert Camus The Stranger and Samuel Becketts Waiting for Godot Many differences and similarities are found between Albert Camus novel, The Stranger, and Samuel Becketts play, Waiting for Godot. The characters in each story is in truth different from their society and at the same time, thy are very similar to each other. To understand in what ways they are similar, there must be and understanding of how they are different from the society in which they live in. First of all, the major difference from the novel and the play is their desire for Gods salvation. Recall when Meursault was in jail, he did not want the magistrate to pray for God to save his soul unlike Vladimir and Estagon, who grasps many years for their god. They both live their life for one reason to wait for Godot. However, to wait for someone who is not going to come is just as pointless as not doing anything at all, just like Meursault who lives his life at the spur of the moment. Neither of them makes i mportant goals in their lives. Meursault can care less about his promotion and Vladimir and Estragon could deliver done something worth while with the decision fifty years of their lives. Because of this, they found ways of passing time. Vladimir and Estragon tries hanging themselves and call each other names while Meursault goes smoking, drinking with Raymond, listen to Salamando and have casual sex all because they do not have anything else to do. They all feel their very existence is insignificant. Whether they live or died would not change anything. ane life is as good as another. Vladimir and Estragons expression of their emotions contrast to Meursaults lack of emotions. After Vladimir and Estragon fight, they resolve their disputes by embracing each other. Meursaults honesty prevents him from show any emotions that he does not have. These ways of expressing their emotions reveals their views of life. Meursault knows who he is in life but is just indifferent to it . He did not care if everybody thought he was strange or his associates is a pimp. However, Vladimir and Estragon does not know who they are in life. To wait for someone who is not coming is pointless.

The Ethics Of The Media Essay -- essays research papers

The purpose of the media has become an ongoing question since the large amount of conflicts between the consumer and media. Why is the passe-partout purpose of the media so damn hard to figure out? It is time to confront this issue instead of blowing it off by saying, "We can never qualifying the media, so why bother?" What kind of chickenshit statement is that? If there are so many people with so lots power, surely one of them realizes the downwardly spiral of the ethics of the media. I feel my sole purpose of this paper is to tell everyone my ideas and viewpoints on censoring the media.Ooooooo, censor. What a bad word that is when used in the same sentence with media. So many people believe censorship is a bad thing, but there is no other solution in stopping the "bad press." When I sit back and look at the stories about stories that are bad and offending to any(prenominal)one, I realize something needs to be done. The media is out of control. True, there are m any informing and needed stories, but, my god, how many times a day to we need to hear and read about how much money O.J. Simpson has to pay the family of Ronald Goldman? We, as consumers, need to sit back and ask ourselves, "What was the point of hearing or reading that story?" Back to the censor issue. I, as an aspiring journalist, do not believe in total and complete censorship of the media, but also, as an aspiring journalist, I am embarrassed of some of the stories that are run, for instance, when t...

Requirements for Success in an Industry and the Attributes of Successfu

Requirements for Success in an Industry and the Attributes of Successful leading In terms of hospitality, leadership is defined as leading is the process by which a person with vision is able to influence the activities and outcomes of others in a desired way (Walker 543). David P. Norton from Decision Point, Inc says, Leadership-the availability of qualified leaders at all levels to mobilize the organization toward its strategy. Both of these definitions are correct depending on your perception of the word. Leadership has many complexities which result in different types of leadership, individual perceptions of it and many definitions. The hospitality patience finds that leadership is not only a wonderful quality to have, but also a very important tool in managing and running an organization. Leaders are very important and carry with them certain traits that contribute to their success. To leave an impact that many people care about and remember you by is achieved fin ished being a good leader as well as a manger because leadership is part of managing. As a result of the complexities of leadership, on that point are three types transactional, situational and transformational leadership. Transactional leadership is viewed as a process by which a leader is able to bring about desired actions from others by development certain behaviors, rewards, or incentives (Walker 543). Basically saying do this for that. The leader promises to exchange something an employee might desire for a task they do for the leader, the coming together of a leader, follower, and situation. For example, the leader might ask that you as a follower achieve certain goals for a bonus. A second type of leadership is situational which ... ... 2004. Hazard psychoanalysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) Guidelines During one of my food service classes we were to come up with HACCP guidelines for a food. This allowed me to analyze and critique the enti re procedure from the point food is true till it is prepared. I learned how important it is to pay attention to the little things involved with food preparation to the obvious. Meal Planning Project This project was through my sophomore year in college. It was a very time consuming project that was challenging and well worth it. The meal planning project gave me a chance to plan a menu for a full day that meets the recommendations in the Dietary Guidelines, the Food Guide Pyramid and the Recommended Dietary Allowances for an individual of your get on with and sex. The project limited me again with a budget of $4.00 total for the day.

Henri Cartier-Bresson :: essays research papers

Henri C finesseier-BressonHenri Cartier-Bresson is one of the worlds most influential photography Masters. With his small hand camera he unobtrusively photographed peoples lives around the world. He was solely responsible for bridging the gap between photojournalism and art. He has published more(prenominal) than a dozen books of his work. The greatest museums in the world have shown his work. From my start as a photographer, I was always drawn to taking photographs of people. I whole step it was simply instinct that made me interested in this type of photography. Other people pushing their ideas on me would come much later. For a few days I made photographs on my own, exploring a whole range of imagery from sports to still life, but I always felt images of people were my strongest. Then I went to college at a very intensive school for photography. From the start I was pushed into the world on Cartier-Bresson and his style. I started concentrating on this documentary style of p hotography and began to suck up away from experimenting in other genres. This was fine with me because I was fairly successful with documentary photography and was being praised be my professors. After a while I became stuck in my ways and found it very hard to shoot in any other manner. At the present my portfolio is based solely on scurrilous and white documentary photography. I still am very proud of working in this manner, but I am quite frustrated with decision work as a documentary photographer. My ties to Cartier-Bresson and his work start from the beginning of my career as a photographer. He was totally responsible for bringing photojournalism into the mainstream art world. Just for this accomplishment alone Cartier-Bresson has made it possible for many documentary photographers to work today. Cartier-Bresson along with David Seymour and Robert Capa started the cooperative photo agency known as Magnum. Magnum was innate(p) because of a struggle between photojournalists and magazines. Magazines were constantly taking advantage of photographers. Magnum was hited to end this by having its members band together as a group and establish strict guidelines for magazine payment and usage rights. Magnum represents only its members and its members stand behind one another. Over the years Magnum has evolved into kind of an elite club. I believe it only allows one new member per year this is done by votes cast by all Magnum members.

Henri Cartier-Bresson :: essays research papers

Henri Cartier-BressonHenri Cartier-Bresson is one of the worlds most influential photography Masters. With his small hand camera he unobtrusively photographed peoples lives around the world. He was solely responsible for bridging the gap between photojournalism and art. He has published more than a twelve books of his work. The greatest museums in the world have shown his work. From my start as a photographer, I was alship canal drawn to taking photographs of people. I feel it was only full that do me interested in this type of photography. Other people pushing their ideas on me would come much later. For a few years I made photographs on my own, exploring a whole range of imagery from sports to still life, but I always felt images of people were my strongest. Then I went to college at a very intensive school for photography. From the start I was pushed into the world on Cartier-Bresson and his style. I started concentrating on this objective style of photography and began to pu ll away from experimenting in other genres. This was fine with me because I was fairly successful with documentary photography and was being praised be my professors. After a while I became stuck in my ways and found it very hard to shoot in any other manner. At the present my portfolio is based solely on black and white documentary photography. I still am very proud of working in this manner, but I am quite frustrated with finding work as a documentary photographer. My ties to Cartier-Bresson and his work start from the beginning of my career as a photographer. He was totally responsible for bringing photojournalism into the mainstream art world. Just for this achievement alone Cartier-Bresson has made it possible for many documentary photographers to work today. Cartier-Bresson along with David Seymour and Robert Capa started the cooperative photo agency known as Magnum. Magnum was born because of a fence between photojournalists and magazines. Magazines were constantly taking advantage of photographers. Magnum was established to end this by having its members band together as a group and establish strict guidelines for magazine payment and usage rights. Magnum represents only its members and its members stand behind one another. Over the years Magnum has evolved into kind of an elite club. I believe it only allows one innovative member per year this is done by votes cast by all Magnum members.

Parental Pressure

By Kristin Brenner agnate air pressure = Late nights, Health risks, Confusion Why this may be occurring and strategies for elimination some(prenominal) Parents Expectations ? Adolescents should spend all or most of their time studying, instead of being able to socialize with their friends ? Adolescents should start producing good grades even at an early come on of nine (Murphy, 2005) ? Adolescents should begin building Harvard-quality resumes Risks ? Mental Risks ? Suicide The constant pressure to succeed leads to the contemplation of committing suicide o A study from Penn State University shows that bring out of 421 students, (227 females and 194 males) 19. 4%, contemplated committing suicide due to the enormous pressure from their parents to produce exceptional grades o Females are four times more likely to attempt suicide or a form of self-harm (Nutrition Heath Review, 1999). However, males are more likely to follow through with the act ? Identity & Self-esteem o When parent s exert withal much pressure the adolescent has limited time to explore possible furture options.Exploration is necessary to develop a healthy identity o If adolescents select their college major(ip) or future career based on parental pressure, the adolescent can develop a foreclosed identity. Foreclosure can lead to dissatisfaction during adulthood o Parental pressure can lead to lowered self-esteem, a lowered sense of assertiveness and less competence in teach skills (Adams, 2001) ? Physical Risks ? Sleep wish o Parental pressure leads to physical exhaustion due to late night studying to produce good grades (Hung, 1999) ? Cheating o Parents apply a significant amount of pressure for good grades, ot enjoyledge, which can lead to cheating o In a survey done by Donald McCabe of over 2,100 students on over 21 campuses, one-third of adolescents attempted serious cheating on tests with half of the adolescents cheating on written assignments o Causes Forced course burden and a menta lity of the need to succeed that is instilled by some parents o Why It is easier to cheat than continuously bear the pressure of handling the course saddle Where Parental Pressure Stems From ? Parents anxiety, competitiveness, and cultural pressures (Murphy, 2005) ?Households where control is a central focus (Adams, 2001) ? Parental pressure increases as an adolescent gets older (Adams, 2001) Who Parental Pressure Affects ? American children, parents are giving more directed academic guidance, support, and have higher educational aspirations and takeations for their children (Vernal, Campbell, & Beasley) ? Parents of higher socioeconomic status are more likely to expect their children to attain a higher education and higher level jobs than parents of lower socioeconomic status (Social System Influences) ?Affects children as early as age nine, with a greater number of parental pressure placed on males than females, but females are more likely to respond to the pressure (Vernal, Cam pbell, & Beasley) Strategies For Adolescents To Eliminate Parental Pressure (Price) ? Get conversation started by asking parents how their day was ? Make eye contact to show respect and make a serious impression ? carry on calm and do not overreact or interrupt, but stay open and objective ? Do not appear defensive ? Let your parents know that you feel that you can start to make some of your own decisions about your future endeavors ?Say Thank you no matter how the conversation ends. You need to telephone that you and your parent are unique individuals and you may not always see eye to eye, so it may take numerous conversations for your point to be perceive Adams, G. (2001, March 28). Pushing kids to excel often backfires, study fines. University Guelph on the web. Retrieved from http//www. uoguelph. ca/mediarel/archives/001135. html Hung, J. (1999). Surviving a year of sleepless nights. Newsweek, 134(12), 1. Moseman, J. (1999). My parents expect as well as much. Campus life, 58 (3), 22-29. Price, S. , (n. d). How to talk to parents.Retrieved February 25, 2005, from http//www. channelone. com/news/exchange/news/2004/02/26/se_parental/ Social Systems Influences. Retrieved March 23, 2006, from http//faculty. tamucommerce. edu/crrobinson/512/socsys. htm Verna, M. A. , Campbell, J. R. , Beasley, M. (1997). Family processes, SES, and family structure differentially affect academic self-concepts and achievement of gifted high school students. American Educational Research Association Convention. (2003). Parental Pressures and Suicidal Thoughts. Nutrition Health Review The Consumers Medical Journa,l (85), 18.

The Role of International Strategy and Organizational Design

The current trend of world stintings business model lays on the world system course of labor between the core, the marginal, and the semi-marginal countries/states. The barter is not isolated or internal but rather it participates externally or in the global market and as such, this type of market is heavily chance oned by the dictates of the globalization trends.The system of economics and their flow and relations between these countries are non-static and non-constant over long and wretched periods of time due largely to political, environmental and cultural changes vis vis the evolving idea of consumerism in the global community. The traditional concept of consumerism and commoditization of goods is largely challenged, hence, the business sectors/producers should construct an effective dodging and an efficient organizational origination to cope up with the world economic trend and at the same, fulfill the organization/companies objectives and visionary goals.The success, th erefore, of an international attach to, lies on war-ridden action central to the combination of an effective strategic and traditional management. We do not displace the idea of traditional management (e.g. budgeting and marketing) because its function is recognized as the core of business planning but rather, we aim to rectify/improve the corporations/organizations business performance by buns shooting the errors and analyzing it within the context of the global market system (or the business environment) and the capabilities (e.g. assets, facilities, resources) of the company system.Critical to strategic management is the anticipation of changes in the economic system, in the demands of the consumers, new business technologies, competition, and (global) economic policy developments. Co-integration of the twotraditional and strategicwould give a sense of direction to the company in the globally competitory market.What would be an apt strategic management in the non-static glob al economic system? The strategic management for this is a six level schema (1) compendium of external factors (2) scrutinizing internal factors (3) stratagem (4) execution and (5) performance assessment/evaluation.Arguably, the logic in analyzing the external factors lies in the structural level of social formation, but, we dispense this, in favor of the transnational conceptan approach that capitalizes on the importance of transnational practices in three major sectors, political, economic, cultural with focus on transnational participation influence and consumerism that of which had been the latest trend in global capitalism. Also, the importance of technological improvements and their incorporation into the market is intangible in the analysis of external factors.The presence of competitors and economic policies should not be undermined the parameters set by international laws may be restrictive but nevertheless, they are designed to facilitate a fair trading system competitor s for a particular commodity should also be accounted since globalization is heavily mandated by the transnational corps. It is on the basis of such external factors the company will seek to adjust to and construct the stratagem.The capacity of the organization, its parameters, its resources, its liabilities and its needs must be carefully examined. Financial status, the employed technology for the commodity, the operative management and the getable facilities must be apt and can be competitive with the international companies. Leadership within the system and good working force are central elements. The organization should seek to answer the following in response to its internal structure is the product globally competitive?After assessing the internal and external factors, formulate the stratagem is the next point of economic action. Goal identification and the feasibility of the plan being constructed is high on the agenda. Crucial to this is the statistics of materialization, the impact on the company/organization, and products development over a timeframe. Critical points should be well identified as well as mitigating errors, alternative plans, and analyzing and defining jobs and responsibilities per level of organization. The stratagem certain should have the following characteristics (1) goal-oriented (2) creative, by-product of external and internal analysis and (3) strength-decisive/non-vulnerable in the market (4) feasible.The execution of strategy requires organizational design, resource allocation, and strong motivation. Organizational design involves efficient distribution of work force, recognizing their potential, and creating effective relations between the working people. Performance assessment is the last step and is achieved by assessing the plan on its efficiency on its hows and ends. Flow monitoring of the work and assessing statistical significance of produce as well as company growth are authoritative evaluation points. The importa nce of such strategy is the actual/real test of the stratagem on the economic market.The strategic management places special attention to the environmental monitoring. Such activity is inherently important during forecasting or anticipation of future economic events and other related global aspects which may otherwise affect the position of organization and its products in the global economic scheme. Present and past trends and their change over time is prevalent in predicting scenarios that may be of mensurate to the company. In strategic planning, predictions are important in that the decisions are made to be flexible.In recognizing the role of international strategy and organizational design in the global market, the organization/company takes an initial step in equipping itself against the highly volatile network of economic world systems and becomes, at the most, competitive.ReferencesSklair, L. (1999). Competing Conceptions of Globalization. Journal of World-Systems Research, 5, 143-162.Aguilar, F. (1967). examine the business environment. NY Macmillan, Inc.

Views of stereotypes in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

During the early 1800s, racism was tranquil rampant among citizens in America, especially those in the south. Minorities were generalized as a member of a certain racial group and stereotyped with degrading qualities that implied that they were less than compassionate. In the novel The Adventures of huckabackleberry Finn, Mark Twain creates a piece with all of the African-American stereotypes, and throughout the novel, develops him into a character that everyone can relate to, showing that he is human. At that time, African-Americans were seen as animals that did not care for anyone, but Twain shows that Jim has feelings, despite what society thinks. An otherwise aspect of the African-American stereotype was that all African-Americans were stupid, but Jim, although uneducated, is not portrayed as stupid. A common belief among racists at the time was that African-Americans were less than human, but throughout the novel, Jim shows feelings of despair, mourning and compassion, all of which are human handle.In contrast to the typical stereotype that African-Americans care for no one but theirselves, Jim is depicted as an extremely caring person. When describing his young lady to Huck, Jim words, En wid dat I fetch her a slap side de head dat sont her a-spawlinOh, Huck, I bust out a-cryin en grab her up in my arms, en say, Oh, de po little thing De Lord God Amighty fogive po Jim, kaze he never gwyne to forgive hisself as lons he live(156). In this quotation, Jim expresses extreme regrete and sorrow for his female child whom he has realized is deaf and couldnt hear anything he was saying to her.When Huck and Jim have been separated and Huck is staying at the Grangerfords, Jim shows another instance of caring. When Huck aphorism Jim for the first time again he wrote, I waked him up, and I reckoned it was going to be a grand surprise to him to see me again, but it warnt. He most cried he was so glad, but he warnt surprised(114). In this quotation, Twain illu strates Jims concern for not only his possess family, but for his Huck, whom he has formed a queer friendship with. Twain successfully develops Jim into a character that cares not only for his family, but for his friends.African-Americans and slaves especially, were stereotyped as ignorant in the early 1800s. Jim, exchangeable most other slaves, has no formal education and reproofs in a dialect that makes him appear to be less educated. However Jim has a unique kind of intelligence. When Huck was trying to trick Jim into thinking that he had dreamt up their separation in the fog, Jim notices the debris on Huck, Jim looked at the trash, and then looked at me, and bandaging at the trash again. He had got the dream fixed so strong in his head that he couldnt seem to shake it loose and get the facts back into its place again right away. But when he did get the thing straightened around he looked at me steady without ever smiling (54). Jim shows his common smell out smarts by figu ring out when Huck is lying to him.The fact that Huck, an educated white boy, couldnt fool Jim, an uneducated slave, with his scheme shows that although Jim is uneducated, he is intelligent in his own way. When the Duke and the King come on board the raft, Jim knows that since the King claims he is from France, that he should be able to speak French. I found Jim had been trying to get him to talk French, so he could hear what it was like but he said he had been in this country so long, and had so much trouble, hed forgot it(179). This shows the reasoning major power that Jim has. He knows that since the King is from France he should be able to speak French. Huck interprets this as Jim wanting to hear French, but what Jim is actually trying to do is to imprecate the Kings story and keep themselves safe.Perhaps the worst stereotype about African-Americans at that time was that they were less than human, unable to feel humanlike emotions or act like normal humans do. Jim is portraye d as exactly the opposite, routinely risking his own life and freedom for the welfare of others. When turkey cock has been shot and Huck is consulting with Jim on what they should do, Jim says, Well, den, is Jim gwyne to say it? No, sah-I doanbudge a step outn this place dout a doctor not if its forty year (266). Jim has decided to risk being caught again to make sure that Tom Sawyer sees a doctor. He knows very well that he could easily be caught doing this and set back into slavery, but he does it anyway. This shows that Jim is a very humanlike character who experiences humanlike emotions, compassion in this instance, and acts in selfless ways. Twain again demonstrates Jims equality and humanlike characteristics when Huck and Jim and eating on the raft. Huck writes, so Jim he got out some corn-dodgers and buttermilk, and pork and cabbage and greens and whilst I eat my supper we talked and had a good time (126). This quotation illustrates Jim as an equal to Huck who can experience the same easy-going and fun emotions that Huck can. No where in the book is Jim unable to understand an emotion Huck or any other person is feeling, showing his humanity.Jim is a representation of how all people can feel emotions for others, be intelligent no matter how uneducated they are, and experience emotions of the human race. Mark Twain has succeeded in creating a character who although is a minority, embodies characteristics that people can relate to. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was an important statement against racism and the values taught can still be applies to the American culture today.

Health and social care Unit 4 P2 Essay

The breeding of individuals rear end be motivateed by a number of demeanor factors which include genetic, biological, environmental, socio economic and livelihoodstyle factors. All these behavior factors engender a large variety of influences which go out affect individuals and how they develop through the life stages.The scratch life factor is the genetics of an individual, a genetic influence which could affect the increment of close toone could be the predisposition to a particular disease much(prenominal) as D proclaim syndrome. This particular disease is a chromosomal disorder and a genetic condition that typically causes some level of learning stultification and a characteristic difference in physical features.These typical difficulties which argon involved with this disorder affect the everyday life of the individual. With this disorder causing some level of learning disability, this will affect the path the small fry develops as a young person in regards to the ir education. This particular condition leads to much stultification in both the cognitive ability of the individual and also the physical growth too. Individuals with Down syndrome can have many contrary abnormalities which can affect their general health and bodily function.People with the condition have increased risk of gaining respiratory and hearing problems and epilepsy. With all these increased risks being involved with this condition, it shows in many ways how the condition can affect how individuals develop throughout their life. Their childhood will be difficult due to the teaching they will have, this will therefore affect their due date as they wont have the same life knowledge as other adults. Their adolescence will be different and more difficult for them as they wont have the same life as a teenager would in regards to developing the relationship perspective of life and beginning to explore their body in ways young adults do as changes begin.The extensive term o utlook for an individual with Down syndrome is seen unlikely to be long. This particular condition is seen to slow the individual down and the health problems along with the condition jeopardize their life. This therefore affects the evolution through the older adulthood life stage as they may not play to this age to ingest this.The next life factor is biological influences that can affect the general development of an individual as they go through all their life stages. Foetal alcohol syndrome is a biologic condition which can affect the development of a person from the minute they are cin one caseived within the womb. This particular syndrome is a pattern of mental and physical defects that can develop a fetus in association with high levels of alcohol consumption during pregnancy.This particular condition can stunt the fetal growth or their weight which therefore affects the development of a child into adulthood as they have a stunt of growth. The consumption of alcohol whils t pregnant can damage neurons and the brain structures of the fetus. This therefore affects how the infant develops once born and can reduce the time it takes for the child to learn how to walk and talk. Fetal alcohol syndrome can create a collection of primary cognitive and functional disabilities, some of these including poor memory, attention deficits and impulsive behaviour.These disabilities can affect the childhood development as the schooling of the individual can become progressively difficult and take longer, and as a lead of trouble with learning at a young age it can affect the way the development throughout the other life stages occurs. As well as the disabilities that can occur above, there are secondary disabilities which can affect the development of a person. Examples of these are mental health problems and drug and alcohol addiction which can affect the development of adulthood as you dont choke to experience having a family and relationships as drug and alcohol addiction will affect the way you live and also your bodily functions which may decrease the chances of having a family.The carriage of you may also affect your older adulthood as the misuse of alcohol and drugs during your life can make you look older than you and also the long term illnesses may affect your chances of living longer.Access to employment and income is a potential influence of an environmental factor which can affect the development of people. Individuals who do not have enough income to look after themselves let alone their children stillinsist on having children. This however is a downfall in at presents society as it leaves an increased possibility for difficulty in family life.No employment leads to no income in a family home, this can affect the way an infant is brought up in regards to being looked after and being fed. It may also lead to infants being put in care as parents cant look after them properly and ably which already leaves room for the development of the child to be decreased due to them not having the care from their own parents at a young age. No employment or income can also affect childhood as this is the start of education, with no income families cant afford to send their child to school and pay for their lunches or their essentials they may need for educational purposes.With no income it can also affect the way the child is treated at school, they may become a bullied individual as they may not have what other children may have. Adults who live a life with no employment and income can result in depression this then leads to poor mental health and low self esteem which is the belief that you are inferior to others. Depression and stress can cause a poor diet and also for individuals not to take care of themselves like they should which will result in a lower expectancy of life for older adulthood.Another life factor is socio economic which could include the education of people. Individuals with few or no qualifications which they should have attained at childhood and adolescence from going to school and higher education are more likely to be un assiduous or employed in low paid work. It is said that the education of individuals at childhood depends on the family they grow up in. As families with higher incomes than average usually get better paid jobs than those who live in families with low incomes.It also depends on the encouragement you get as a child and adolescence to whether you do well in education. Peer pressure is also a tough thing to overcome at adolescence which can interfere with the grades you attain within education. Those who dont get the qualifications they want usually find adulthood to be difficult as they dont have the income they would like for them to have a nice mark and big family.This links in with no income or employment and again results in the likelihood of older adulthood to be lower in life expectancy due to not being able to afford a tidy lifestyle due to the fail ing of not attaining the qualifications within education.Lastly is the lifestyle of an individual which can affect the development of them throughout their life stages. A particular lifestyle influence could be nutrition and dietary choices individuals all make. umpteen people may pack to eat a diet that includes flatulent fatty, salty or sugary foods. Other people may eat unhealthy foods because of convenience and cost. People with low income will find it harder to travel to supermarkets and stock up on cheaper food. Low income may also push people to choose an unhealthy diet because it can be harder and more expensive to choose a healthy one. This however will cause problems for individuals in the long run. If families have a poor income and therefore dont choose a healthy diet for their families it results in children having poor diets which can affect the growth development of them as individuals.But also affect the brain and how it functions which can affect the childs educat ion. Other families might choose to give their children what they need in regards to nutrition and dietary choices, but not themselves which can cause people becoming grievous and therefore affecting their lifestyle and development. If people become obese they usually become lazy and therefore dont keep healthy and fit, this can affect the lifestyle of older adulthood as spoiled and unhealthy elderly people can result in younger life expectancy as illnesses might take over elderly individuals. overall it is clearly seen that there are many life factors that can influence the development of individuals and also the life expectancy of these individuals also. This is why it is important to have healthy lifestyles and to do the best you can throughout life to get the best out of it.

Matthew’s Sermon on the Mount Essay

To what extent was The sermon on the deal (Matthew 5-7) intended to be a unmistakableive honourable teaching for all lot?Matthews dissertation on the Mount is one of the 5 main blocks of teaching in the gospel- emulating Torah. Without our noticing, faith can deviate into religiosityThat is when the teaching of messiah brings us up with a jerk.1 The oration presents the reader with a radical teaching from savior, completely divergent to any preliminary teaching in Judaism it offers a stark contrast to the Old Testament. The radical change is the shift between legalism and obstinate Jewish law to an wildness on person and relationship with idol and neighbour. It is important, firstly, to understand Matthews purpose in including the Sermon on the Mount For Mt, saviour, not the law, stands as the decisive centre of his phantasmal universethe criterion of judgement, the norm to be taught.The Sermon on the Mount opens with the beatitudes, which describe all types of people as happy happy argon the brusque in spiritgentle mercifulpersecuted (Mt 5 13) These beatitudes include all people, they start the sermon as it means to go on its intention is to entrust respectable teaching to all people. In this essay I string out explore and aim to decipher the extent of which the sermon presents a distinct ethical teaching with the aid of diverse and important viewpoints. The first view, of the sermons ethical teaching, is the Absolutist View. This view rejects compromise all the precepts in the Sermon mustiness be taken literally and utilize universallyIf obeying the scripture costs the welfare of the believer, then that is a reasonable sacrifice for salvation. 2 The last part of the retell almost replicates Mt 530if your right hand should cause you to sin, cut it off and throw it away for it will do you less slander to lose one part of you than to arrive your whole body go to hell. There are traces of absolutism deep down the sermon a deontological u ndertone to it. D. Martyn Lloyd-Jones would struggle that The principles, it was said, were there laid down as to how life should be lived by men, and all we have to do is apply the Sermon on the Mount. 3 John P. Meier states that Mt has spiritualised and generalised the beatitudes, making them applicable to the spiritual needs and moral endeavour of every member of his church.4 It is by this that he indirectly suggeststhat they should/must be applied by every member of Matthews church. These two scholars would break through to support the tyrannical view that the sermon was greatly intended to be a distinct ethical teaching for all people.In Salt of the Earth and Light of the World and The Fulfilment of the jurisprudence the reader may feel a loyal sense of personal witness the need to stand up for what is clearly right and what is clearly wrong your light must shine in the tummy of men, so that, come uponing your good works, they may give praise to your Father in Heaven (M t 516) There is an element of prescriptivism in this text Jesus was confirming a place for the law and a clear sense of absolute right and wrong in the Kingdom of Heaven.His intentions were not to annihilate the Law further to complete them (Mt 517-18) His teaching was an invitation to behave in a certain way. the man who infringes even the least of these commandments and teaches others to do the same will be considered the least in the kingdom of heaven but the man who keeps them and teaches them will be considered great in the kingdom of heaven. (Mt 519)There is as well an absolute message in The Golden RuleSo always treat others as you would like them to treat you would like them to treat you that is the meaning of the Law and the Prophets. (Mt 712) Jesus words are direct to his people and it is hard to argue that this is not a distinctive ethical teaching to all people because of the absolute and universal qualities held in words like So always treat his instructions account f or all cartridge clip, people and place. Jeromes biblical explanation on The True Disciple could be seen to uphold literal living out of the sermon The words of Jesus are a call and a challenge to action they are not mere teaching, and understanding them is an insufficient response. The challenge is serious failure to meet it is followed by catastrophe.5Some would argue that the absolute view of the Sermon on the Mount is ridiculous, that people cannot be expected to literally live out the strenuous commands of the sermon. This is supported by a view, which is much common, the Hyperbole View. It contends that Jesus deliberately overstated His demands. Jesus demonstrated this kind of teaching technique outside the Sermon 6 If readers are to live out the sermons ethics they need to be toned-down to modern society standards. Keith Ward appears to support thisin his book, where he maintains that The sermon is utilise properly when it is taken as a guide for meditation and for moral self-examination.7 It is clear to see why some of the examples given by Jesus are seen as hyperbole, because of the extreme solutions Jesus provides to problems of moral actionsIf your right hand causes you to sin, cut it off and throw it away (Mt 530)if a man panoramas at a woman lustfully, he has already committed adultery with her in his heart. (Mt 528-29 It would be a ridiculous idea to take these two teachings literally, instead the Hyperbole view would suggest that these are exaggerations that carry a message. The message of the first is the severity of sinning and not to let evil and sin encompass you, if you sin once, cut yourself off from that experience, do not keep sinning. If the second reference was to be toned down to modern day society the message would not be that you shouldnt look at any woman (who is not your wife) in any way that could be seen as lustfully, rather one should devote their attention, loyalty and lust to their wife. This eschatological view, by maj or German thinker, Martin Dibelius, suggests that whilst the ethics within the Sermon are absolute, the current fallen state of the present day makes it impossible to live up to them.Their failure to live up to them is inevitable According to dispensationalism, this is the block of grace meaning that failure to live up to the sermon is justified, but a period in the future will see mankind able to live up to Jesus teaching. You must therefore be perfect just as your heavenly father is perfect. (Mt 548) Rob Warner quotes The Sermon on the Mount is an ethic of extremism. Jesus demands are positively mountainous and his idealism may appear naive and unworkable. 8This may be due to the lack of emotions involved when examples of moral decisions are givenCome to terms with your opponent in good time while you are still on your way to court with him (Mt 525) love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you. (Mt 544-45)It is not only your actions that are scrutinized, but your though ts too.Again, emotions and human nature are not taken into account which makes the commands appear unattainableif a man looks at a woman lustfully, he has already committed adultery with her in his heart. (Mt 528-29) The Unconditional Divine Will view is relateed to the Repentance View, the view which sees the Sermon as essentially Law in nature and is therefore designed, as Paul described in Galatians 324, to lead unto Christ to repent of their sins and believe on Christ. The final exam view, of the extent of ethical teaching in the sermon, is the General Principle view it argues that Jesus was not endowment special instructions, but general principles of how one should behave.The specific instances cited in the Sermon are simply examples of these general principles9 My interpretation of the sermon is in accordance with the General Principles view, a lot of the text can be seen to offer general codes of behaviour and description of character, the examples are not to be taken as literal actions, they put forward general principles that should be used when making moral judgements and actions.But when you give alms, your left hand must not know what your right is doing. (Mt 63-4)go to your private room and, when you have shut the door, pray to your Father who is in that secret place (Mt 66)These are prime examples of ethical teaching by Jesus which should not unavoidably be taken literally they merely provide general principles. The general ethical principle provided is that prayer, fasting and almsgiving should be prompted by right spring and good will, not something to be done overtly in order to be hailed as a impeccant person. To be hailed as a virtuous man is a sufficient award for those who seek recognition they obtain what they seek and that is all they obtain.10 There are various ethical theories that arise throughout the sermon that portray its distinct ethical teachings. Motive and good will are general principles of Kantian ethics utilitarianis m and situation ethics also muster up up within the sermon, the general principles of these theories constitute the ethics that Jesus-in his teaching- and Matthew- in his recording- intended for all people to take away with them. Utilitarianism is raised by the emphasis on reward in Mt 5 and situation ethics arises within the text in talk about purity of heart and eyeif your eye is diseased, your whole body will be all darkness. (Mt 623)Take the plank out of your own eye first, and then you will see clearly enough to take the splinter out of your brothers eye. (Mt 75)Jesus warned the Pharisees not to become absorbed in questions of external cleanliness.11 For Jesus and the Kingdom of Heaven, it is inner cleanliness, of the heart and mind, which matter For Mt, purity of the heart involves a simple directness in ones intentions and attitudes, an undivided heart 12 This quotation from Meier sums up the sermons structure I associate the simple directness with the lower, working class a udience of which the sermon is directed to teaching which (unlike the built-in moral tradition of antiquity) was addressed to the lower strata of society. Jesus demonstrated the blessedness of the poor by showing that actions of profound moral import lay within their power. 13The simple directness of intentions and attitudes transpires in Jesus emphasis on right motive and good will. The question of an undivided heart is raised in Matthew 6- God and Money No one can be a slave to two mastersYou cannot be the slave of both God and money (Mt 624) Again, money could be meant in the literal sense (material goods coming between the relationship with God) but it also serves as a symbol for anything which becomes a barricade to God Jesus ethical teaching, the general principle, is that you cannot serve God with a divided heart.In the sermon, Christ does not really give us diminutive and detailed commands to be obeyed. He draws from us the inner resources of moral discernment which enabl es us to see what love is and should be.14 I think perhaps that the general principles link into the idea that the sermon was not intended as a distinct ethical teaching in the sense that they direct moral actions because one cannot invertebrate foot their actions around scripture alone.Christian ethical thinking remains a mixture of the application of human reason, the understanding of scripture, reflection on tradition and devotion to the magisterium of the Church. 15 Rather, it is a teaching that inspires man to practice his virtuous religious actions. Thomas Aquinas maintains that every moral question can be reduced to the term of the virtues16.According to J.F Keenan, the real question of ethics is not What should I do? but Who am I? Who ought I to become? and How am I to get there? Aristotle advocates that one reveals their true nature when one acts in spontaneous situations, in the unplanned and ordinary life. The sermon appears to support this Jesus presented his teaching s by giving examples of ordinary people acting morally in everyday circumstances. In practicing the seven scarlet tanager virtues (temperance, fortitude, prudence, justice, charity, hope and faith), right moral action comes naturally through clear judgement, good reason and a pure heart all the principles that propounded by Jesus in the Sermon on the Mount.Plato juxtaposed each cardinal virtue with the social classes. Temperance was associated with the working/producing classes i.e. the farmers and craftsmen, fortitude with the warrior class, prudence with the reasoned rulers and Justice did not form part of the class system it governs the relationship among the tether classes. Word Count 2155 with quotesBibliography1) Keith Ward- The Rule of Love- Reflections on the Sermon on the Mount2) Chp. 4 The Sermon and ethical motive(Part 1) Twelve Approaches to the Sermon on the Mount3) D. Martyn Lloyd-Jones- Studies in the Sermon on the Mount 4) John P. Meier- Matthew The Sermon on the Mount5) Jerome Biblical Commentary6) A.E Harvey, Strenuous Commands7) Rev. Patrick Allsop, M.A- Ethical Theory And New Testament Ethics8) Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae Prologue, II-II9) Rob Warner- The Sermon on the Mount1 Keith Ward- The Rule of Love- Reflections on the Sermon on the Mount Chp.2, pg.7 2 Chp. 4 The Sermon and Ethics (Part 1) Twelve Approaches to the Sermon on the Mount 3 D. Martyn Lloyd-Jones- Studies in the Sermon on the Mount v1, pg 13 4 John P. Meier- Matthew The Sermon on the Mount, pg 39 5 Jerome Biblical Commentary6 Chp. 4 The Sermon and Ethics (Part 1) Twelve Approaches to the Sermon on the Mount 7 Keith Ward- The Rule of Love- Reflections on the Sermon on the Mount, introduction 8 Rob Warner- The Sermon on the Mount9 Chp. 4 The Sermon and Ethics (Part 1) Twelve Approaches to the Sermon on the Mount 10 Jerome Biblical Commentary11 John P. Meier- Matthew The Sermon on the Mount, pg 41 12 13 A.E Harvey, Strenuous Commands, pg. 7614 Keith Ward- The Rule o f Love- Reflections on the Sermon on the Mount, introduction 15 Rev. Patrick Allsop, M.A- Ethical Theory And New Testament Ethics 16 Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae Prologue, II-II

Power and Inequality in a Cultural and Linguistic Anthropolistic View Essay

Centuries have passed and the diametric relationships of power and disagreement atomic number 18 still present. Power and variety have eer been an step up and a topic of discussion among many different heap in different cultures. Although much has changed throughout history, the struggle between power and inequality is still inevitable. There are many different types of power and inequalities ranging from gender to race and culture. Anthropologists can investigate issues surrounding power and inequality by submergence into different cultures and studying how power and inequality play a role in their society.Power and inequality still play a role in modern man cultures as seen by different struggles of cultures as well as the differentiation of linguistics. Cultural anthropologists can investigate issues surrounding power and inequality in modern human populations as they immerse themselves into understanding the different circumstances of different cultures of today and of the past as well. Throughout the years, there has been a struggle of power and inequality between many, including gender and race. Gender has been an issue in many different cultures, and continues to be a struggle even today.In the past, gender issues have resulted in many problems. For example, after China passed the one child law, many parents wanted to have sons rather than daughters beca expend of the thought that sons were more worthy. This however, has resulted in an imbalance of the manlike and female ratio as it has reached 144100, in the rural areas of China (Peters-Golden, 2012). In modern society, it is evident that in most cultures, the male is still the dominant gender. In some cultures, including some in the Middle East, women are looked down upon, mistreated and are not treated as equals. compensate in the modern Western culture, there is still evidence that the women are at a disadvantage compared to the men (Feminist Economics, 2003). Along with gender, race has besides been a reoccurring issue of as well. Previously, the Western worlds perceived themselves as having more power and were more superior to any other culture. Culture today, according to cultural anthropologists, is intimate and is subject to modification meaning that the modern population can adapt to new races and cultures as well as their own.Different societies should be subject to his or her own culture rather than perceiving that one race or culture as superior to any other. Cultural anthropologists believe that how people have been veritable and treated of a given society of culture has a direct impact on how they perform in that society (American Anthropology Association, 1998). Thus concluding that not everybody can see themselves as superior, as it affects the society as a whole as well. The United States is an example of many different cultural prejudices, and its affects are apparent in their everyday lives including the media.Cultural anthropologists have been stu dying different cultures of the world, and many of them have different opinions of power and inequality as can be seen by the ways the cultures interact. In the modern world, there are many pieces of evidence that power and inequality are still present and is still an issue in modern human populations. Power and inequality have much to do with cultural studies, but can also be interpreted in a linguistic anthropological view as well.Linguistic anthropology studies how verbiage influences social society in cultures. Although not necessarily seen as inequality, many different languages have different words categorising between gender, age, and status among others. Linguistics is also an important office of cultural anthropology as well. In many different languages, the use of words reflects the cultures status on both power and inequality (University of Washington, 2004). For example, in many languages, including French, Spanish, and Persian, noun classification is sorted by gender. In Thai, there are just about 13 ways to say the pronoun I each one used in different circumstances, depending on who and what is being said. In both cases, the use of language is separated by power and could be thought of as a social inequality because different people are referred to by their gender or social status. As well as words that play a role in cultures, the different languages does as well. According to Mary Bucholtz and Kira Hall (1995), linguistic anthropologists, they say that power is linked with markedness.Markedness is a process where some social categories gain a special, default status that contrasts with the identities of other groups, which are usually super recognisable and is evident in some countries (Bucholtz & Hall, 1995, p. 372). An example of this is in Zambia, a country that speaks a total of 73 languages, however, only around 7 are considered the dominant language as they are positioned above the others, while English is the official language that is unmarked, and considered to be the most important (Spitulnik, 1998).Linguistic anthropology is an important part when studying the different power and inequalities of cultures. Linguistics can show how cultures can interact by languages and determine who is dominant or can differentiate people by status or gender. In modern human populations, the existence of power and inequality is still present. Anthropologists, both linguistic and cultural, investigate the presence in struggle of balancing power and inequality. Different times represent different mindsets, however, both power and inequality have been present for basically all of human existence.Prejudice is inevitable in both the past and current human population, ranging from race, gender, different individuals, and cultures, among others. Anthropologists can investigate issues surrounding power and inequality by go down into different cultures and studying how power and inequality play a role in their society. Studying the la nguage of other cultures by linguistic anthropologists can also determine many aspects of power and inequality in not only the different cultures of today, but also of the past as well.

Deception Point Page 106

As Tollands hand felt the sides of the tank, he encountered dozens of roll of tobacco holes. He could feel the water rushing in. The triton was preparing to dive, whether Tolland liked it or non.The champion was now three feet beneath the surface. Moving to the bow, Tolland press his face against the crosspatch and peered through the dome. Rachel was slam on the frosting and shouting. The fear in her voice do him feel powerless. For an instant he was back in a cold-rakehelled hospital, watching the woman he loved die and knowing there was nothing he could do. Hovering underwater in front of the sinking sub, Tolland told himself he could not endure this again. Youre a survivor, Celia had told him, but Tolland did not want to survive alone not again.Tollands lungs ached for aureole and yet he stayed right there with her. Every succession Rachel pounded on the glass, Tolland heard air bubbles gurgling up and the sub sank deeper. Rachel was yelling something about water coming in around the window.The viewing window was leaking.A poke hole in the window? It seemed doubtful. His lungs ready to burst, Tolland prepared to surface. As he palmed upward across the huge acrylic window, his fingers fritter a piece of tripping rubber caulking. A peripheral seal had apparently been jarred in the fall. This was the reason the cockpit was leaking. More bad news.Clambering to the surface, Tolland sucked in three deep breaths, trying to clear his thoughts. peeing flowing into the cockpit would wholly accelerate the Tritons descent. The sub was already five feet underwater, and Tolland could barely touch it with his feet. He could feel Rachel pounding desperately on the hull.Tolland could think of only one thing to do. If he dove down to the Tritons engine box and located the high-pressure air cylinder, he could use it to concussion the negative stabilize tank. Although blowing the damaged tank would be an exercise in futility, it might keep the Triton near the surface for another minute or so in advance the perforated tanks flooded again.Then what?With no other immediate option, Tolland prepared to dive. Pulling in an exceptionally deep breath, he expanded his lungs well beyond their natural state, almost to the point of pain. More lung capacity. More oxygen. Longer dive. But as he felt his lungs expand, pressuring his rib cage, a strange thought hit him.What if he increased the pressure inside the sub? The viewing dome had a damaged seal. Maybe if Tolland could increase the pressure inside the cockpit, he could blow the entire viewing dome off the sub and get Rachel out.He exhaled his breath, treading water on the surface a moment, trying to picture the feasibility. It was perfectly logical, wasnt it? later all, a submarine was built to be strong in only one direction. They had to withstand enormous pressure from the outside, but almost none from within.Moreover, the Triton used uniform governor valves to decrease the number of spare p arts the Goya had to carry. Tolland could simply unsnap the high pressure cylinders charging hose and reroute it into an emergency ventilation supply regulator on the port side of the sub Pressurizing the cabin would cause Rachel substantial physical pain, but it might just give her a way out.Tolland inhaled and dove.The sub was a good eight feet down now, and the currents and darkness made orienting himself difficult. Once he found the pressurized tank, Tolland quickly rerouted the hose and prepared to pump air into the cockpit. As he gripped the stopcock, the reflective yellow paint on the side of the tank reminded him just how dangerous this maneuver wasCaution Compressed Air 3,000 psiThree thousand pounds per square inch, Tolland thought. The hope was that the Tritons viewing dome would pop off the sub before the pressure in the cabin crushed Rachels lungs. Tolland was essentially sticking a high-powered fire hose into a water balloon and praying the balloon would break in a h urry.He grabbed the stopcock and made up his mind. Suspended there on the back of the sinking Triton, Tolland turned the stopcock, opening the valve. The hose went rigid immediately, and Tolland could hear the air flooding the cockpit with enormous force. at bottom the Triton, Rachel felt a sudden searing pain slice into her head. She opened her mouth to scream, but the air forced itself into her lungs with such painful pressure that she thought her boob would explode. Her eyes felt like they were being rammed backward into her skull. A deafening rumble tore through her eardrums, pushing her toward unconsciousness. Instinctively, she clenched her eyes tight and pressed her hands over her ears. The pain was increasing now.Rachel heard a pounding directly in front of her. She forced her eyes open just considerable enough to see the watery silhouette of Michael Tolland in the darkness. His face was against the glass. He was motioning for her to do something.But what?She could barely see him in the darkness. Her vision was blurred, her eyeballs distorted from the pressure. so far so, she could tell the sub had sunk beyond the last flickering fingers of the Goyas underwater lights. Around her was only an endless inky abyss.Tolland spread himself against the window of the Triton and unbroken banging. His chest burned for air, and he knew he would have to return to the surface in a matter of seconds.Push on the glass he willed her. He could hear pressurized air escaping around the glass, bubbling up. Somewhere, the seal was relieve. Tollands hands groped for an edge, something to get his fingers under. Nothing.As his oxygen ran out, tunnel vision closed in, and he banged on the glass one last time. He could not even see her anymore. It was too dark. With the last of the air in his lungs, he yelled out underwater.Rachel push on the glassHis words came out as a bubbling, muted garble.129Inside the Triton, Rachels head felt like it was being compressed in some ope nhearted of medieval torture vise. Half-standing, stooped beside the cockpit chair, she could feel death closing in around her. Directly in front of her, the hemispherical viewing dome was empty. Dark. The banging had stopped.Tolland was gone. He had left her.The hiss of pressurized air blasting in overhead reminded her of the deafening katabatic wind on Milne. The floor of the sub had a ft of water on it now. Let me out Thousands of thoughts and memories began streaming through her mind like flashes of violet light.In the darkness, the sub began to list, and Rachel staggered, losing her balance. Stumbling over the seat, she fell forward, colliding hard with the inside of the hemispherical dome. A sharp pain erupted in her shoulder. She landed in a heap against the window, and as she did, she felt an unexpected sensation-a sudden decrease in the pressure inside the sub. The tightened drum of Rachels ears loosened perceptibly, and she actually heard a gurgle of air escape the sub.It took her an instant to realize what had just happened. When shed fallen against the dome, her weightiness had somehow forced the bulbous sheet outwards enough for some of the internal pressure to be released around a seal. Obviously, the dome glass was loose Rachel suddenly realized what Tolland had been trying to do by increasing the pressure inside.Hes trying to blow out the windowOverhead, the Tritons pressure cylinder continued to pump. tied(p) as she lay there, she felt the pressure increasing again. This time she almost welcomed it, although she felt the suffocating grip pushing her dangerously close to unconsciousness. Scrambling to her feet, Rachel pressed outward with all her force on the inside of the glass.This time, there was no gurgle. The glass barely moved.She threw her weight against the window again. Nothing. Her shoulder wound ached, and she looked down at it. The blood was dry. She prepared to try again, but she did not have time. Without warning, the crippled sub began to tip-backward. As its heavy engine box overcame the flooded trim tanks, the Triton involute onto its back, sinking rear-first now.

Authority in One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest Essay

On the surface, L starliness of the rely Distance Runner and One Flew Over the Cuckoos cuddle seem like two very different films. Loneliness is filmed in black and white and takes place in an face borstal school Cuckoos Nest takes place in an American psychiatrical ward and is present tenseed in color. Dig a little deeper, however, and it is clear that these films are actually quite similar. Each film depicts the refractory protaganistsColin and McMurphyattempting to overcome the oppressive figures of authoritythe governor and protect Ratched.Because of the nature of the films, viewers are lead to escort Colin and McMurphy heroes and to despise the authorities. While it is hard to deny that the Governor and maintain Ratched dont at times take advantage of their jurisdiction, it is also unfair to argue against the fact that they are just two the great unwashed doing their jobs. Both Loneliness of the languish Distance Runner and One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest depict rebe ls who are doomed. The authorities at the psychiatric ward and the borstal have strict rules and expect Randle Patick McMurphy and Colin metalworker to conform to these rules, just as every other patient or student has done.The differences between the note of hand and divulgecome of these two films are a result of the differences between the types of characters who represent authority. In Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner, authorities are shown to be invasive and aggressive. As Colin mentions in the opening line of the film, his family is ceaselessly running from the police. Further into the film, a flashback shows a detective tracking Colin down at his house after(prenominal) he steals from a bakery. Before finally sliting him, the detective is very persistent in his efforts to catch Colin.This surly man provides a search warrant but is unsuccessful in his attempts to locate the stolen money, so he tells Colin that he will be watching him. The true authority figure in Lon eliness, though, is the Governor at Ruxton Towers. The Governor is a nice man with absolute power. At the borstal he runs everything by the book. He holds the boys to very strict rules and standards, from having to wear uniforms to having a monitored sleeping schedule. With the boys living and going to school in the homogeneous place, there is in reality no way of escaping the watch of the Governor.In fact, he even comes into the locker dwell and has conversations with the boys while they are in the shower. Throughout the film, there are also several religious undertones present in the representation of authority, shown primarily in the singing of the English hymn Jerusalem. The Governor uses conformity as a tool to strengthen his school. His main goal is recognition for the school and for himself. In Cuckoos Nest, Nurse Ratched is depicted as a very cold figure. She runs the psychiatric ward with an iron fist.Yes, she answers to the nous doctors and has a large staff to help h er, but she runs the place. The nurse takes advantage of the vulnerability of her patients. In collection therapy sessions, she often pushes the men to talk about experiences that they are unwilling to talk about. She uses her friendship with Billys mother as a threat in order to get him to cooperate with her. Instead of listening to what McMurphy and the other patients compulsion to do, she pushes her own agenda. When McMurphy and the others want to watch a game of baseball, she wont let them for the sole purpose of not giving McMurphy what he wants.It seems as though the head doctors (the muckle who should really be the authority) are oblivious to the actions of Nurse Ratched. In fact, they praise her work and there is no one capable of arguing with them. It is interesting to note that in terms of authority, there is no religious imaging in thie film like in Loneliness. Instead, it is McMurphy who appears Christ-like and takes on disciples. Nurse Ratched uses conformity to g et her patients to do as she says. Her goal is to try to fix severally of them. The Governor is mostly respected by the boys.Hes a nice man, but everyone is afraid of him because of his power, just as employees fear their bosses. They dont voltaic pile with him because they know they can only get so far. He has total control over them because they eat, sleep, and go to school all under his watch. Ruxton Towers is the type of place a teenage boy would want to hightail it from, but the Governor has made the boys feel as though escape is beyond reality. Nurse Ratched, on the other hand, is not respected by her patients. This is a direct result of her concern with getting people to do as she says rather than gaining their respect.Though she demands to be taken seriously, she rarely is. Her patients are all degenerate of her oppression but lack the physical and mental capacity to do anything about it. Also, like in Loneliness, her authority is not challenged simply because her subjec ts are afraid of her. Randle McMurphy and Colin Smith are game-changers. Their arrivals empower their cohorts to act out against the dodge. We see the authority of the Governor challenged in the food fight scene and the authority of Nurse Ratched challenged in the fishing scene. However, Colin and Randle doom themselves in their final acts of defiance.Colin throwing the race results in his contemptment by the borstal Randle throwing a party and chocking Nurse Ratched results in his lobotomy. In going against authority, these protagonists are left worse off than they were before. Nurse Ratched and the Governor each bring down the antihero. But does that warrant them heroes? No. It doesnt make them good or bad. Yes, Nurse Ratched seems evil and the Governor seems overbearing, but we are only viewing them through a lens. They lead a system bad enough for people to want to rebel against it, but maybe that rebellion is against the system and not the characters.These are two characters m erely doing their jobs. Their borstal and psychiatric ward are not ones that I would want to be in, but I wouldnt want to be in any borstal or psychiatric ward. Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner and One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest apprehend similar themes and represent similar figures of authority. Nurse Ratched and the Governor are not the most likeable characters. They desire order and take advantage of their power, and that makes us dislike them. But none of their actions are unprovoked. They have tinder jobs and they made mistakes. Theyre human.

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UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS GCE Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced level MARK purpose for the November 2005 appargonnt movement paper 9708 ECONOMICS 9708/04 piece of music 4, maximum raw mark 70 This mark contrivance is published as an concern to teachers and students, to contend the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were initially instructed to award marks. It does non indicate the details of the discussions that to a faultk place at an Examiners meeting before marking began. Any substantial changes to the mark abstract that arose from these discussions pull up stakes be recorded in the published encompass on the Examination.All Examiners ar instructed that choice discipline wait ons and un evaluate approaches in candidates scripts must be eatn marks that fairly reflect the pertinent k nowledge and skills demonstrated. specialise schemes must be read in conjunction with the question papers and the Report on t he Examination. The minimum marks in these components needed for mixed grades were previously published with these mark schemes, exactly are now instead entangled in the Report on the Examination for this session. CIE will not enter into discussion or correspondence in connection with these mark schemes.CIE is publishing the mark schemes for the November 2005 question papers for most IGCSE and GCE Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level syllabuses and rough Ordinary Level syllabuses. foliate 1 strike out Scheme GCE AS/A LEVEL NOVEMBER 2005 Syllabus 9708 Paper 4 scratch A 1 (a) What turn up is there in the article that the UK mobile phone companies kick the bucket in an imperfect mart structure? Only four companies, can fix price, urinate carrefour differentiation in the handsets, no perfect knowledge. (b) beg off the statement one result will be that cross-subsidisation will disappear and the price of a new handset will go up intendably. exposition of meaning of subsidising one product or service by the meshwork on another(prenominal) which itself whitethorn be overpriced. The removal of the subsidy will result in the price of the subsidised product change magnitude if profit levels are to be maintained. Often the subsidised product makes a loss just now is produced because it is subsidiary to other profit making products or services. (c) The article says the determination of the High Court will represent the companies ? 1. 5 billion to ? 2 billion. Explain how the phone companies might react in order to defy their profit levels.Could audition to reduce labour costs, implement whatever redundancies, could stop research and instruction, could generally try to reduce costs or could try to increase revenue by promoting products through advertising. (d) Explain with the aid of a diagram how the existence of termination charges would affect consumer surplus. Termination charges are placed above the market level. Diagram should show a p rice above market leading which will result in reduction in consumer surplus. 1 mark for D/S diagram justly labelled 1 for showing the reduced area of consumer surplus 1 for bill. e) Does the information lead you to agree with the spokesperson when he said that consumers should not necessarily regard the decision as a good thing? In consumers intimacy they would save ? 700 just now over next three years, price reduction would be on all calls. Against consumers interest cost of telephone handset would rise there is a fear of change magnitude calls for text messages possibility of phone company finding more or less other way to keep profits high. 6 4 4 3 4 University of Cambridge outside(a) Examinations 2005 knave 2 Mark Scheme GCE AS/A LEVEL NOVEMBER 2005 Syllabus 9708 Paper 4General gossipmongers for Section B The essay questions carry a maximum mark of 25. set about not to bunch marks, moreover use the whole mark range. If there is any doubt in your mind, bestow the benefit of doubt to the candidate. The difference in grades should be assessed on the qualification of the candidate to demonstrate the various objectives of the examination listed in the syllabus and not purely on the expertness to itemise further details from the heart and soul of the syllabus. Marks should be awarded for the cogency to demonstrate that suffer (b) of the syllabus has been achieved as well as aim (a) which refers to content knowledge.It is the objective of the examination, as listed in the syllabus, to assess both these aims. An overall guide for marks for single questions is minded(p) below these are from a total of 25. They may be applied proportionally of run to parts of questions where the total is less than 25 Mark 1 9 (Linked to level one in individual question notes). 1-5 where the termination is mostly irrelevant and lone(prenominal) contains a few valid points make incidentally in an irrelevant context. at that place will also be substantial omissions of compendium. here the answer shows about knowledge besides does not indicate that the meaning of the question has been properly grasped. Basic errors of system or an inadequate development of analysis may be evident. 69 Mark 10 13 (Linked to level two in individual question notes). 10 11 where there is evidence of an ability to identify facts or some ability at graphs and/or a fair ability to apply known laws to new situations. There should be an accurate although budding explanation of the facts relating to the question unitedly with an explanation of the theory, and evidence of some bility to discriminate and form elementary judgements. Do not expect a go along logical presentation. There will not be much evidence of the ability to bonk unstated assumptions, nor to examine the implications of a hypothesis, nor of the ability to organise ideas into a new unity. 12 13 where the answer has a more thorough relevance to the question alone where the theory is inco mpletely explained. University of Cambridge International Examinations 2005 Page 3 Mark Scheme GCE AS/A LEVEL NOVEMBER 2005 Syllabus 9708 Paper 4 14 17 (Linked to level 3 in individual question notes). 4 15 where there is a good knowledge of the facts and theory of the question, clear evidence of the ability to use the facts and theory with accurate acknowledgement to the question that may have presented the candidate with a novel application. There should also be evidence, where appropriate, of the ability to examine the implications of the question and an judge to distinguish amongst facts and value judgements. Clear statements, supported by wakeless arguments should be given and there should be some onrush at a conclusion to the question. There should be a reasoned structure to the whole answer.Do not expect too some extra Illustrative points which are not explicitly referred to in the question, do not expect too much critical comment on unstated assumptions 16 17 for a n answer showing a well reasoned understanding of the questions requirements and of the relevant theory the analysis should be near though the simile and development may not be very full. 18 25 (Linked to level 4 in individual question notes). 18 20 where there is a thorough knowledge of the facts and theory with an splendiferous ability to describe, explain or analyse this in a precise, logical, reasoned manner.There should be an ability to query some of the assumptions in the question and clear evidence of an ability to distinguish between fact and value judgements and to draw some conclusions on the matter being discussed. Conclusions should be formed and expressed at heart a sound organise answer so that the whole is well presented. New illustrations and apposite examples should be introduced as further evidence of an ability to recognise the principles of the question and their application to relevant current situations. 1 25 for an answer which, given the time constrain t, could not be improved significantly it will have clear analysis, ample illustration and a good attempt at considered evaluation. Be positive in your marking, awarding marks for what is there without being too much influenced by omissions. Marks should not be deleted for inaccuracies. Corresponding marks for sub-sections. Total Mark 10 Total Mark 12 Total Mark 13 Total Mark 15 1 1-3 1-4 1-4+ 1-5 2 4-5 5-6 5-6+ 6-8 3 6-7 7-8 7-8+ 9-11 4 8-10 9-12 9-13 12-15 University of Cambridge International Examinations 2005 Page 4Mark Scheme GCE AS/A LEVEL NOVEMBER 2005 Syllabus 9708 Paper 4 Section B 2 (a) Explain what is meant by efficient resource allocation in a exculpate market. L4 L3 L2 L1 (b) For a sound explanation with clear understanding of the principles involved in the analysis. 8 10 For a competent explanation but with peculiar(a) development of the analysis. 6 7 For a localise explanation of a gratuitous market but budding explanation of allocative efficiency. 4 5 For a n answer which has some basal invent facts but includes irrelevancies. Errors of theory or omissions of analysis will be substantial. 1 3 10 Would you agree that in some circumstances it is best to accept the decision such as that of the French political science and abandon the search for economic efficiency through the free market? 15 news of the reason for market failure. Monopolies, merit goods, public goods. Consideration of whether this might apply in the case of the large engineering company. L4 L3 L2 L1 For a reasoned discussion of causes of market failure and clearly structured answer. 12 15. For a fair explanation of market failure but lack of development and reasoned conclusion. 9 11 For a special(a) but acceptable attempt to consider some market failures. 6 8 For an answer which has some fundamental correct facts but includes irrelevancies. Errors of theory or omissions of analysis will be substantial. 1 5 3 (a) Explain how trade unions can be incorporated into the economic analysis of wage determination. 12 Candidates are asked to comment on trade unions so the economic theory of wages that they should use is that for an imperfect market. This theory should be explained development marginal revenue productivity. sell unions can have an effect on the supply curve which is now no longer solely determined by market forces. Where the actual wage will be determined depends upon the relative strengths of the employer and the trade union. L4 L3 L2 L1 For a sound discussion with good explanation of the analysis and a clear understanding of the principles involved. 9 12 7 8 D and S approach For a competent comment but with limited elaboration of the analysis. 7 8 5-6 D and S approach For a correct explanation of part of the analysis. Candidates might explain all the political relation or the unions. 5 6 3+ 4 D and S approach For an answer which has some canonic correct facts but includes irrelevancies. Errors of theory or omissions of ana lysis will be substantial. 1 4 1 3 D and S approach University of Cambridge International Examinations 2005 Page 5 Mark Scheme GCE AS/A LEVEL NOVEMBER 2005 Syllabus 9708 Paper 4 (b) Discuss the possible effects that trade unions might have on the economy of a rural. 13 Trade unions could affect the supply of labour and working practices. They could cause production to decrease with consequent downward effects on income, spending and national income.Candidates could explain this exploitation the multiplier factor concept. Union could, however, through negotiation oppose disruption of production, or could monitor the implementation of safety procedures which might involve extra spending by the employer. This might well have an upward effect on national income. L4 L3 L2 L1 For a reasoned and clear explanation with accurate development of theory contrasting possible outcomes. 9 13 For a clear but un positive explanation which concentrates on change of income in one direction o nly. 7 8 For a limited attempt to consider the theory and with a greater concentration on the descriptive elements. 5 6 For an answer which has some basic correct facts but includes irrelevancies. Errors of theory or omissions of analysis are substantial. 1 4 4 (a) With the help of diagrams distinguish between normal profit and abnormal profit. 10 Diagrams to show normal and abnormal profit with accompanying explanation of the curves apply in the diagram. Candidates can distinguish between perfect and imperfect markets.L4 L3 L2 L1 For a sound explanation, good diagrams correctly labelled, with clear understanding of the principles involved in the analysis. 8 10 For a competent explanation but with limited development of the analysis. Diagrams clear but not fully labelled. 6 7 For a correct explanation of terms but some poor diagrams. 4 5 For an answer which has some basic correct facts but includes irrelevancies. Errors of theory or omissions of analysis will be substantial. 1 3 (b) Discuss whether firms always want to maximise profits and are able to do so in the way suggested by economic theory. 15 Discussion of the theory of profit maximisation. Candidates should consider not only whether it is possible to calculate marginal revenue and marginal cost to achieve profit maximisation but also whether the firm might have alternative aims. Sales maximisation, behavioural, managerial, satisficing, market share aims might be mentioned. L4 L3 L2 L1 For a reasoned discussion and clearly structured answer. 12 15 For a fair discussion but undeveloped answer mentioning either only one part of the question or both parts but only scant mention of alternative aims. 9 11 For a limited but acceptable attempt to consider the question with very limited development of either part. 6 8 For an answer which has some basic correct facts but includes irrelevancies. Errors of theory or omissions of analysis will be substantial. 1 5 University of Cambridge International Examinations 2005 Page 6 Mark Scheme GCE AS/A LEVEL NOVEMBER 2005 Syllabus 9708 Paper 4 5 How far do you agree that low interest rates and low inflation are the most important aims of government insurance policy in maximising economic welfare? 25 Discussion of the general macro aims of government policy with a comment on whether the two mentioned should be regarded as the most crucial. The effect of low interest rates and low inflation and possible links between them can be developed. Reasons should be given for either choosing or not choosing these aims as the most important. L4 L3 L2 L1 For a thorough explanation of the aims, a clear analysis of the link between them, a discussion of the possible outcome of a choosing either those aims or alternatives with a reasoned conclusion. 18 25 For a competent explanation of the aims but where there is only limited attempt to consider the significance of the importance of the aims. There will be some discussion but the evaluation will no t be fully developed or extensive. 14 17 For an accurate though undeveloped explanation with some attempt at analysis but only limited evaluation. 10 13 For an answer which shows some knowledge but does not indicate that the question has been fully grasped. The answer will have some correct facts but include irrelevancies. Errors of theory or omissions of analysis will be substantial. 1 9 6 With the approval of the Malaysian government, the Swedish company IKEA, the worlds largest retailer of theatre furnishings, has invested $106 million in Malaysia in the past three years. It plans to open another large store in the country, employing 450 concourse with expected sales of approximately $50 million in the first year. (Herald Tribune Aug 15 03 p 12) (a) Use the multiplier analysis to explain what effect this coronation might have on the Malaysian national income. 10 Discussion of the effect of increasing investment in terms of employment, income, spending, saving.Multiplier ana lysis. Usually this question is asked with reference to government spending and investment but this is a large investment and it also will have multiplier effects. L4 L3 L2 L1 For a sound explanation of the analysis and a clear understanding of the principles involved. 8 10 For a competent comment but with limited elaboration of the analysis. 6 7 For a correct explanation of part of the analysis. Candidates might explain how investment might increase income but might not deal with further increases in as they do not discuss what leakages occur at each round. 4 5 For an answer which has some basic correct facts but includes irrelevancies. Errors of theory or omissions of analysis will be substantial. 1 3 University of Cambridge International Examinations 2005 Page 7 Mark Scheme GCE AS/A LEVEL NOVEMBER 2005 Syllabus 9708 Paper 4 (b) Discuss whether the activities of multi-national companies are always beneficial. Candidates should discuss the effects of large companies. They cou ld consider whether a large company is beneficial for the shareholders, the workforce and the consumer. These groups may be in different countries.They should comment on the effect in host country where wages/incomes/employment might increase and on the possible benefits for directors (and shareholders) who may be in the home country. The multi-national might have chosen to operate in the host country because of reduced costs or cheaper inputs so a comment on the possible benefits of comparative advantage would be pertinent. L4 L3 L2 L1 For a sound discussion with good explanation of the analysis and a clear understanding of the principles involved. Reasoned evaluative comments should be given. 12 15 For a competent comment but with only limited evaluation of the effects. 9 11 For a correct discussion of the analysis but with only very brief, or no evaluation. 6 8 For an answer which has some basic correct facts but includes irrelevancies. Errors of theory or omissions of analys is will be substantial. 1 5 15 7 There are so many difficulties in bill living standards that we can never be sure that people in one country are better off than those in another country. Comment upon this statement. 25 Candidates should consider each part of the statement.They should discuss whether there are many difficulties in measuring living standards and give reasons for their conclusion on this part of the question. They should then consider whether it is possible to compare one country with another and discuss what use national income statistics might be. They should form an overall conclusion. L4 L3 L2 L1 For a thorough explanation of the difficulties of measuring living standards, and a clear conclusion to the assertion followed by a consideration of the usefulness of using the statistics to make comparisons. 18 25 For a competent explanation of the difficulties but with a limited conclusion.There will be some consideration of comparison between countries but this wil l not be fully developed or extensive. 14 17 For an accurate though undeveloped explanation with some attempt at analysis but only limited evaluation. The conclusion will be weak. 10 13 For an answer which shows some knowledge but does not indicate that the question has been fully grasped. The answer will have some correct facts but include irrelevancies. Errors of theory or omissions of analysis will be substantial. 1 9 University of Cambridge International Examinations 2005

Wood Polymer Composite (WPC) and its infiltration into Eastern European Markets

Wood Polymer intricate (WPC) has increased enquire over the fresh prehistorical payable to returns that these reapings possess. Countries such(prenominal) as the US amaze applyd these products over the last decade, just now few countries atomic number 18 currently realizing the turn a profits that the products necessitate in local markets. It is thitherfore very serious to probe the make headways that these products have over timberland products and how they stick out be made available to countries that have realized their voltage, specially those in western sandwich Europe.This paper aims at analyzing the manufacturing process of Wood polymer Composite, the history of the same products and the benefits and cost that such products have over woodwind. The paper leave behind withal analyze the level of crave that WPC products have in westward Europe, the available opportunities and the altercates of expanding these opportunities. Finally, the paper ordain gi ve a brief conclusion on the champaign and give a recommendation on the same. Table of Contents Abstract 1 Introduction. 2 History. 3 How WPC is manufactured. 3 Benefits of WPC. 4 Weaknesses. 5 WPC demand in Western Europe.6 Growth in the physical exertion of WPC 8 Countries to be targeted. 8 Distribution 9 Challenges of expanding the routine of WPC. 10 Conclusion and recommendation. 11 whole kit and caboodle cited. 13 Introduction. The work of WPC products has increased in some(prenominal) countries and this can be traced to the benefits that such products possess. WPC products have some(prenominal) qualities that make them crack to wood, and this is the major reason that makes them popular in several markets. They be usually employ in the building industry, and some countries use these products for outdoor activities. These products are alike very useful in the railroad car industry.It is important to understand the nature of the Wood Polymer Composite before analyzin g it further . Wood Polymer Composite is a material that is manufactured through impregnation of wood with monomers, after which the resultant product undergoes polymerization. This enables the materials to be tailored to special expects, and this is necessitated by the resultant properties that such materials possess. These overwhelm enhanced automatic characteristics and lightness, but these will be discussed at a later stage. WPC is used for a wide range of activities and these include self-propelled engineering, construction and building.WPC is used for a wide range of activities such as outdoor floors, indoor furniture, fences, railings, leafy vegetable benches, landscaping timbers, door and window frames among recent(prenominal)s. History. Karpov is reportedly the first person who did research on WPC and he did this during 1960. some other researchers such as Meyer, Kent and Kenaga as well conducted various researches on the prospects of producing WPC in various count ries. These countries include Japan, Canada, France, Germany, Austria, Hungary, Sweden, UK, South Africa and Denmark among other countries.The use of atomic energy such as gamma radiation has been a major reader to development of WPC. The expansion of petrochemical industry market policies has also been linked to the development of WPC. These materials are comparatively juvenile to the market, especially considering the long history that wood has been used. However, their superior qualities are increasing their demand by a variety of consumers. These qualities that the WPC materials possess will be discussed at a later stage, but can be broadly classified as aesthetic and usage qualities. How WPC is manufactured.A palleted compound is fed through a gravity bunker into extruder. This mixture is heated until it melts to form a mass that flows uniformly in the extruders cylinder. thither is a screw present inside the extruder and this presses the melt flow through the dies slit. The extrusion process after undergoes nervelessing with the use of a water tank. It is afterward pulled through water by a tractor to cool it . The sudden temperature change makes the extruded blank cool and shrink. the size of the final product is not except trenchant by the cooling but also by the traction speed.The extruded blank is further pulled by the tractor at a uniform speed to the handling and cutting table. The cutter subsequently holds the extruded profile and cuts it to the desired length. Benefits of WPC. Consumers are increasingly choosing WPC over wood delinquent to the many benefits that they possess, over wood. Although they cost more than than wood, they have superior features that make consumers ignore the price and purchase them. The consumers ignore the price since they reason that the long term be of maintaining wood materials will supersede the cost of purchasing the WPC. Some of the benefits of WPC will be discussed below.One benefit of the use of WPC is t hat these products are weather resistant and moisture resistant. Another benefit is that these products have natural feel, senior status and dimensional stability. They are also more attractive than the natural wood, and this is the reason that they are used as finishes to various products. This makes them more popular than wood. They are also manufactured using various colors, which makes them attractive without the need for them o be painted. These products have also the ability to retain screws and nails for longer periods of time compared to wood.WPC products, unlike wood, are immune to termite attacks. This is one major problem that many consumers of wood products complain about, since termite attacks surrender the wood weak. This necessitates the need to replace such wood, which is expensive. Since WPC is resistant to termite attacks, this makes it popular with consumers. WPC is more purlieual loving than wood, and this is because of the following reason. As has been discu ssed, WPC products require lesser aliment compared to wood. This means that these products last longer than ordinary wood, which necessitates few cases of replacing them.This translates to fewer trees being cut and hence is more friendly to the environment compared to wood. These products are also seen to be friendly to the environment as compared to wood, since they are mixed with other products during the manufacturing process. This means that the amount of wood used to manufacture these products is relatively less, and hence helps defend the environment. WPC products are resistant to splitting and cracking. This feature makes them have the ability to be molded into various shapes and sizes, whether or not someone has the details on the wood grains.This is one feature that is superior to that of wood, since wood is prone to splitting when being molded. They also possess cellulose that can be as high as 70%, which makes them have similar properties to wood . Weaknesses. When WPC is being manufactured, there are many elements that are added to improve the capabilities of these materials. Such materials include adhesives and polymers and these complicate the process of recycling these materials. WPC is considered to have many impurities that make the recycling process more difficult, which means that fewer WPC materials are recycled, as compared to wood.This has a negative impact on the environment. Another weakness of WPC materials is that they are prone to staining due to the permeable nature of such materials. These materials are porous and can be stained by some solvents, which ability affect their beauty. The process of altering wood to a form where it can be used more effectively when finishing exposes some weaknesses. Since nitrocellulose polymers come into contact with thorough solvents when carrying out the finishing operations, this makes organic solvents to be released in air before they dry. This presents a host of problems mainly to people wh o work somewhat such environments.One problem is the danger of explosion or flammability of the solvents. The other is the potential health problems to workers due to inhalation of the vapor. When the air is released into the atmosphere, it poses a problem to the neighboring community. This final stage also presents another challenge to producers and this involves the drying process. As has been stated earlier, during this process, some organic solvents are released to the atmosphere. This solvent is expensive and some producers are not uncoerced to waste it, thereby ignoring the process.Dispersing the vapor and recycling materials, in order to acquire the solvents is energy intensive and costly. WPC demand in Western Europe. The demand for WPC has risen in Europe, and this was after the success of similar products in American markets. European producers have envied their American counterparts for many years and they currently have an chance to reap the benefits of WPC products. The demand for these products has increased mainly because of the fact that the high purchase cost is compensated by the low cost of maintenance. This makes the products cheaper in the long run.Their durability is also another factor that has led to massive increase in demand of these products in Europe. According to the Hackwell group, the projected egress rate for WPC products in 2009 is anticipate to be restricting to 10%, which represents increase from 100,000 tonnes that were purchased in 1999, to approximately 144,000 tonnes. This is equivalent to approximately 290 million Euro. In 2004, Germany was producing approximately 5000 tonnes of WPC from each one year. In 2007, Europe produced approximately 100,000 tonnes of the same product, with Germany producing 20% of this amount.When these figures are compared to those of North America, it becomes clear that Europe is fall back in the consumption of WPC. North America produced over 700,000 tonnes in 2005 and by 2010, the pr oduction is widely expected to rise to 1. 6 million tonnes. intimately producers are based in countries which consume WPC the most and these include France, UK and Germany. However, there is a growing edit where suppliers establish themselves in emerging markets for these products, and these markets include Italy, Sweden and Netherlands. Currently, the major European consumer of WPC, is the travel industry.Germany is among the highest European consumers and uses WPC for manufacture of vehicles such as BMW, Daimer Chrysler and Audi. These companies use between 7 and 10 kg for each vehicle, and WPC is used for car parts such as headliners, acoustic panels, interior panels, parcel shelves and model panels. WPC especially convenient for these car parts due to its good strength, lower cost, ease in bear upon and light weight. In fact, estimates show that 90 million Euro has been used on research by automobile industry in Germany over the last decade.The general automotive industry c onsumes over 50% of the total WPC consumed in Europe. This is a stark contrast with the worldwide consumption trends, which reveal that automobiles consume less than 7% of the total WPC consumed worldwide. This means that there is a lot of untapped potential for the WPC in Europe, since furniture and construction are among the major consumers of WPC worldwide. Growth in the use of WPC There is optimism that consumption of WPC will increase in Western Europe due to certain technical innovations that aim at reducing the inefficiencies of the current WPC products.For instance, Austrias melamine International developed melamine resin which is one of a kind since it can be extruded. Its thermoset is created in such a way that it allows the use of wood flour and fiber mix of 70%. This mix improves on the weaknesses of the current WPCs that are thermoplastic based. Such weaknesses include lower levels of stability when undetermined to high temperatures, and they are solved through combi ning the product performance, and processing behavior of this thermostat. Products created using this engine room are reputed to have higher resistance to scratch as well as intermit mechanical properties.In Netherlands, Holland Colours has produced natural colorants which are dust free which will be used in pigmenting WPC profiles. These additives allow faster color changes to be made, as well as reduce tear or so the edges of such materials. Countries to be targeted. As has been discussed, there is a major potential for the use of WPC in Europe. Most economies are growing at a fast rate and there are increasingly new investment fundss in most of the European countries. There has also been considerable growth in the real acres and automobile industry.This necessitates the need to develop and use WPC materials in a majority of these countries. Russia is one country which has the potential to make a major investment in this sector. Going by the success of the WPC in the US, Russia has an opportunity to reap the benefits that have been enjoyed by the US for over a decade. Germany has been seen to have invested in WPC in its automobile industry. As has been discussed earlier, Germany is among the leading WPC consumers in Europe. However, the bulk of the investment is in the automobile industry.This has been seen to go against the global trend where most of the consumption of WPC goes to construction sector. Germany therefore has a chance to increase consumption of WPC through diversifying its use beyond the automobile sector into other sectors of the economy. Another country that has the opportunity to take advantage of the use of WPC is France. France is one of the leading vehicle manufacturers and is also Germanys largest trading partner. France therefore should invest in WPC through import the technology from Germany through their trade agreements.This will help improve the automobile industry, after which WPC will be used for other industries. This will no t only create jobs, but will improve the boilers suit utility derived by the consumers from these products. Distribution When undertaking distribution activities, it is imperative that there is a form of outsourcing for the meek services and operations. Outsourcing involves delegating the underage operations or activities that a company undertakes, to a third ships company so that the company can concentrate on its core duties and responsibilities.In undertaking distribution, these countries should outsource the minor functions so that they are not distracted from their core activities. One service that the companies can outsource is the maintenance of the warehouse. Outsourcing this service will enable the vendors, who are professionals in this operation, to provide warehousing services for the products that have been produced or imported. This will increase efficiency and reduce costs since the company can now concentrate on its core business. The companies should distribute t he products to the clients through retailers and wholesalers.These are people who have high information an knowledge on the market since they are closer to the consumers. There should however be as few middlemen as realistic in order to prevent the prices from rising. This is also done to prevent chances of the WPC products experiencing pilferage. When selling the products, the companies dealing in WPC product should use the correct forms of advertising so that they great power capture a large number of clients. They may sell the WPC products under the theme saving the environment and organize for yield from the local environmentalists.Some people might be against these products given the fact that these products still make use of trees, but as long as the products helps conserve the environment, even if it is one tree, the members of the public will identify with the product. Challenges of expanding the use of WPC. There are several challenges that face the use of WPC, which th ereby hinder investment in this market. These challenges stem from the nature of the business and also the behavior of the investors. These challenges will be discussed below.The first challenge is that some European manufacturers are hesitant to the use of WPC in manufacture of car parts since these materials go against the European Unions directive of End of Life, when manufacturing products . The EU requires vehicles to be manufactured in such a way that once the life of a vehicle is over, 85% of it should be able to be recovered. Such vehicles have their parts recycled and metals extracted for the same purpose. However, in spite of the legislation, the growth of the use of WPC in automobiles is still expected to rise by about 4% each year.European environmental groups also oppose the use of WPC in manufacture of various products due to the perception that it has confine which are toxic . Another reason given by the groups include the perception that the manufacturing process em its some fumes which negatively affect the environment. There are also very few WPC manufacturers in Western Europe, since most are not willing to take the risk and experiment with new products. In Western Europe, there are only about ten producers of WPC, yet there are more than litre such producers in North America.Most potential manufacturers are observing the market trends before to the full investing in the trade. Financial analysts believe that by the end of the next three years, may producers will have invested in the trade, going by the current market demand. There needs to be incentives that shape up entry of new summercaterers in this industry . There are also challenges that are faced due to the rising costs of wood flour. This is one of the materials that are used in manufacturing WPC. According to senior managers in the wood industry, German prices for wood flour have increased by over 30% during the past year.This has the effect of increasing the prices of the final product which will discourage consumers from purchasing them. It is important for the German administration to regulate the prices of material used in this process, since WPC products have benefits that far outweigh the costs. Conclusion and recommendation. It is evident that WPC products play a very important role in conserving the environment . Not only do WPC products conserve the environment, they have many features that make them superior over wood. These have been discussed in the paper, and it clearly proves that WPC products are better than wood.However, the fact that these products conserve the environment, this should be a major reason why people should embrace these products. This is because the environment is very important and it goes beyond the needs of the present generation. Environmental groups should come together and look for support in order to encourage people to use these products. It has also been seen that there is enormous potential that exists in Western Europe but is untapped due to many factors. Many producers are not willing to venture into an untested market, but they should observe the model that worked for the US government.The US economic environment is relatively similar to the economies of most of the Western European countries. This should act as an incentive for the European countries to invest in the WPC product market . The European Union should consider changing the legislation that requires manufacturers to manufacture vehicles in such a way that 85% of it should be able to be recovered. This will enable the consumption of WPC by motor vehicle manufacturers from the current 10% to approximately 80% each year .European governments also need to offer incentives to producers willing to invest in WPC products since this will encourage many investors to venture into this field. The benefits of this investment will not only be felt by these investors, but they will trickle belt down to the general population. In developing a distribution means, the companies that venture into this market should aim to reduce the costs of the products as much as possible. This is necessary especially considering the fact that this is a new product in the market and high prices will discourage consumers from purchasing it .The reduction in price can be achieved through the reduction of middlemen in the distribution process as well as outsourcing some non-core activities to vendors. Finally, it is important for all stakeholders involved to realize that benefits of such a kind of investment will not only help the current generation, but will help the future generation. The current generation will benefit from economic growth, employment opportunities and improvement in the standards of living. On the other hand, the future generation will benefit from the conservation of the environment which will ensure their future survival.